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55 vulnerabilities by realtek

CVE-2025-8300 (GCVE-0-2025-8300)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-02 20:02 – Updated: 2025-09-03 14:32
VLAI?
Summary
Realtek rtl81xx SDK Wi-Fi Driver rtwlanu Heap-based Buffer Overflow Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of Realtek rtl81xx SDK Wi-Fi driver. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the N6CSet_DOT11_CIPHER_DEFAULT_KEY function. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length heap-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-26552.
CWE
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
zdi
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Realtek rtl81xx SDK Affected: 1030.38.712.2019
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-8299 (GCVE-0-2025-8299)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-02 20:02 – Updated: 2025-09-03 14:33
VLAI?
Summary
Realtek rtl81xx SDK Wi-Fi Driver MgntActSet_TEREDO_SET_RS_PACKET Heap-based Buffer Overflow Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of Realtek rtl81xx SDK Wi-Fi driver. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the MgntActSet_TEREDO_SET_RS_PACKET function. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length heap-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-25857.
CWE
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
zdi
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Realtek rtl81xx SDK Affected: 1030.38.712.2019
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-8298 (GCVE-0-2025-8298)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-02 20:02 – Updated: 2025-09-03 14:50
VLAI?
Summary
Realtek RTL8811AU rtwlanu.sys N6CQueryInformationHandleCustomized11nOids Out-Of-Bounds Read Information Disclosure Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to disclose sensitive information on affected installations of Realtek RTL8811AU drivers. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the N6CQueryInformationHandleCustomized11nOids function. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of user-supplied data, which can result in a read past the end of an allocated buffer. An attacker can leverage this in conjunction with other vulnerabilities to execute arbitrary code in the context of the kernel. Was ZDI-CAN-25864.
CWE
Assigner
zdi
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Realtek RTL8811AU Affected: 1030.38.712.2019
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-8301 (GCVE-0-2025-8301)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-02 20:02 – Updated: 2025-09-03 15:10
VLAI?
Summary
Realtek RTL8811AU rtwlanu.sys N6CSet_DOT11_CIPHER_DEFAULT_KEY Heap-based Buffer Overflow Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of Realtek RTL8811AU drivers. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the N6CSet_DOT11_CIPHER_DEFAULT_KEY function. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length heap-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-24786.
CWE
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
zdi
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Realtek RTL8811AU Affected: 1030.38.712.2019
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-8302 (GCVE-0-2025-8302)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-02 20:02 – Updated: 2025-09-03 15:29
VLAI?
Summary
Realtek rtl81xx SDK Wi-Fi Driver rtwlanu Heap-based Buffer Overflow Local Privilege Escalation Vulnerability. This vulnerability allows local attackers to escalate privileges on affected installations of Realtek rtl81xx SDK Wi-Fi driver. An attacker must first obtain the ability to execute low-privileged code on the target system in order to exploit this vulnerability. The specific flaw exists within the N6CSet_DOT11_CIPHER_DEFAULT_KEY function. The issue results from the lack of proper validation of the length of user-supplied data prior to copying it to a fixed-length heap-based buffer. An attacker can leverage this vulnerability to escalate privileges and execute arbitrary code in the context of SYSTEM. Was ZDI-CAN-26553.
CWE
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
zdi
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Realtek rtl81xx SDK Affected: 1030.38.712.2019
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2025-49604 (GCVE-0-2025-49604)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-09 00:00 – Updated: 2025-09-22 15:28
VLAI?
Summary
For Realtek AmebaD devices, a heap-based buffer overflow was discovered in Ameba-AIoT ameba-arduino-d before version 3.1.9 and ameba-rtos-d before commit c2bfd8216a1cbc19ad2ab5f48f372ecea756d67a on 2025/07/03. In the WLAN driver defragment function, lack of validation of the size of fragmented Wi-Fi frames may lead to a heap-based buffer overflow.
CWE
  • n/a
Assigner
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2024-11857 (GCVE-0-2024-11857)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-02 03:24 – Updated: 2025-06-02 03:46
VLAI?
Summary
Bluetooth HCI Adaptor from Realtek has a Link Following vulnerability. Local attackers with regular privileges can create a symbolic link with the same name as a specific file, causing the product to delete arbitrary files pointed to by the link. Subsequently, attackers can leverage arbitrary file deletion to privilege escalation.
CWE
  • CWE-59 - Improper Link Resolution Before File Access ('Link Following')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Realtek Bluetooth HCI Adaptor Affected: 0 , < 1.1.73.1 (custom)
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Crispr Xiang
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-47677 (GCVE-0-2023-47677)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:25 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
A cross-site request forgery (csrf) vulnerability exists in the boa CSRF protection functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted network request can lead to CSRF. An attacker can send an HTTP request to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-352 - Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-34435 (GCVE-0-2023-34435)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:25 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
A firmware update vulnerability exists in the boa formUpload functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted network packets can lead to arbitrary firmware update. An attacker can provide a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-347 - Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2024-21778 (GCVE-0-2024-21778)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:25 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:14
VLAI?
Summary
A heap-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the configuration file mib_init_value_array functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted .dat file can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can upload a malicious file to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-122 - Heap-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto and Kelly Patterson of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-49073 (GCVE-0-2023-49073)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa formFilter functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-48270 (GCVE-0-2023-48270)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa formDnsv6 functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of network requests can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-49595 (GCVE-0-2023-49595)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa rollback_control_code functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of network requests can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-45742 (GCVE-0-2023-45742)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
An integer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa updateConfigIntoFlash functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-190 - Integer Overflow or Wraparound
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-45215 (GCVE-0-2023-45215)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa setRepeaterSsid functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of network requests can lead to arbitrary code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-47856 (GCVE-0-2023-47856)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa set_RadvdPrefixParam functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of network requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50240 (GCVE-0-2023-50240)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
Two stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities exist in the boa set_RadvdInterfaceParam functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of network requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This stack-based buffer overflow is related to the `AdvDefaultPreference` request's parameter.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50239 (GCVE-0-2023-50239)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
Two stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities exist in the boa set_RadvdInterfaceParam functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of network requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send a sequence of requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This stack-based buffer overflow is related to the `interfacename` request's parameter.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50244 (GCVE-0-2023-50244)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
Two stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities exist in the boa formIpQoS functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This stack-based buffer overflow is related to the `entry_name` request's parameter.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50243 (GCVE-0-2023-50243)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
Two stack-based buffer overflow vulnerabilities exist in the boa formIpQoS functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This stack-based buffer overflow is related to the `comment` request's parameter.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-41251 (GCVE-0-2023-41251)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:12
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa formRoute functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send an HTTP request to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50383 (GCVE-0-2023-50383)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
Three os command injection vulnerabilities exist in the boa formWsc functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This command injection is related to the `localPin` request's parameter.
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50382 (GCVE-0-2023-50382)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
Three os command injection vulnerabilities exist in the boa formWsc functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This command injection is related to the `peerPin` request's parameter.
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50381 (GCVE-0-2023-50381)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
Three os command injection vulnerabilities exist in the boa formWsc functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to arbitrary command execution. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger these vulnerabilities.This command injection is related to the `targetAPSsid` request's parameter.
CWE
  • CWE-78 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-50330 (GCVE-0-2023-50330)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa getInfo functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2023-49867 (GCVE-0-2023-49867)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-08 15:22 – Updated: 2025-11-04 17:13
VLAI?
Summary
A stack-based buffer overflow vulnerability exists in the boa formWsc functionality of Realtek rtl819x Jungle SDK v3.4.11. A specially crafted series of HTTP requests can lead to remote code execution. An attacker can send a series of HTTP requests to trigger this vulnerability.
CWE
  • CWE-121 - Stack-based Buffer Overflow
Assigner
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
LevelOne WBR-6013 Affected: RER4_A_v3411b_2T2R_LEV_09_170623
Create a notification for this product.
Credits
Discovered by Francesco Benvenuto of Cisco Talos.
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2022-25479 (GCVE-0-2022-25479)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-02 00:00 – Updated: 2024-10-28 18:23
VLAI?
Summary
Vulnerability in Realtek RtsPer driver for PCIe Card Reader (RtsPer.sys) before 10.0.22000.21355 and Realtek RtsUer driver for USB Card Reader (RtsUer.sys) before 10.0.22000.31274 allows for the leakage of kernel memory from both the stack and the heap.
CWE
  • n/a
Assigner
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2022-25480 (GCVE-0-2022-25480)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-02 00:00 – Updated: 2025-03-25 17:55
VLAI?
Summary
Vulnerability in Realtek RtsPer driver for PCIe Card Reader (RtsPer.sys) before 10.0.22000.21355 and Realtek RtsUer driver for USB Card Reader (RtsUer.sys) before 10.0.22000.31274 allows writing to kernel memory beyond the SystemBuffer of the IRP.
CWE
  • n/a
Assigner
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2022-25477 (GCVE-0-2022-25477)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-02 00:00 – Updated: 2024-10-29 14:53
VLAI?
Summary
Vulnerability in Realtek RtsPer driver for PCIe Card Reader (RtsPer.sys) before 10.0.22000.21355 and Realtek RtsUer driver for USB Card Reader (RtsUer.sys) before 10.0.22000.31274 leaks driver logs that contain addresses of kernel mode objects, weakening KASLR.
CWE
  • n/a
Assigner
Show details on NVD website

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CVE-2022-25478 (GCVE-0-2022-25478)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-07-02 00:00 – Updated: 2024-10-27 14:43
VLAI?
Summary
Vulnerability in Realtek RtsPer driver for PCIe Card Reader (RtsPer.sys) before 10.0.22000.21355 and Realtek RtsUer driver for USB Card Reader (RtsUer.sys) before 10.0.22000.31274 provides read and write access to the PCI configuration space of the device.
CWE
  • n/a
Assigner
Show details on NVD website

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              "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
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        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
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