Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-54593 (GCVE-0-2026-54593)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-28 15:42 – Updated: 2026-07-28 16:39

Title

Pterodactyl's improper JWT scoping allows subuser to upload files when not explicitly granted `file.create` permissions

Summary

Pterodactyl is a free, open-source game server management panel. Prior to Panel version 1.12.3 and Wings version 1.12.2, the Wings /upload/file endpoint accepted any valid panel-signed JWT that contained server_uuid, user_uuid, and unique_id claims without checking the token's intended purpose; because the Panel issues JWTs carrying those same claims for lower-privilege operations such as WebSocket authentication and file-download links, an authenticated subuser could reuse one of those tokens (for example a WebSocket token obtained with only the websocket.connect permission) by replaying it against /upload/file to write arbitrary files to the same server, despite never being granted the file.create permission. This issue is fixed in Panel version 1.12.3 and Wings version 1.12.2.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-07-28 16:39 UTC

CWE

CWE-1259 - Improper Restriction of Security Token Assignment
CWE-1270 - Generation of Incorrect Security Tokens

Assigner

GitHub_M CNA under the mitre root

CNA scorecard C 72/100 over 7763 records in the last 180 days details

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/adv…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/pull/5636	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/commit/7ffcd…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/d0ddc…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
pterodactyl	panel	Affected: < 1.12.3	guessed

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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}

FKIE_CVE-2026-54593

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-07-28 16:19 - Updated: 2026-10-24 13:10

Severity

8.1 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/commit/7ffcd636310bb72b54bac3280d2a15e727feded7
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/pull/5636
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/advisories/GHSA-8r6w-3qq5-4p4r
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/d0ddc80844479302abdaf9654de3bacd511c0f5c

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "product": "panel",
          "vendor": "pterodactyl",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "\u003c 1.12.3"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com"
    }
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    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "Pterodactyl is a free, open-source game server management panel. Prior to Panel version 1.12.3 and Wings version 1.12.2, the Wings /upload/file endpoint accepted any valid panel-signed JWT that contained server_uuid, user_uuid, and unique_id claims without checking the token\u0027s intended purpose; because the Panel issues JWTs carrying those same claims for lower-privilege operations such as WebSocket authentication and file-download links, an authenticated subuser could reuse one of those tokens (for example a WebSocket token obtained with only the websocket.connect permission) by replaying it against /upload/file to write arbitrary files to the same server, despite never being granted the file.create permission. This issue is fixed in Panel version 1.12.3 and Wings version 1.12.2."
    },
    {
      "lang": "es",
      "value": "Pterodactyl es un panel de gesti\u00f3n de servidores de juegos gratuito y de c\u00f3digo abierto. Antes de la versi\u00f3n 1.12.3 del Panel y la versi\u00f3n 1.12.2 de Wings, el endpoint /upload/file de Wings aceptaba cualquier JWT v\u00e1lido firmado por el panel que conten\u00eda las claims server_uuid, user_uuid y unique_id sin verificar el prop\u00f3sito previsto del token; porque el Panel emite JWTs que contienen esas mismas claims para operaciones de menor privilegio, como la autenticaci\u00f3n de WebSocket y los enlaces de descarga de archivos, un subusuario autenticado pod\u00eda reutilizar uno de esos tokens (por ejemplo, un token de WebSocket obtenido solo con el permiso websocket.connect) al reproducirlo contra /upload/file para escribir archivos arbitrarios en el mismo servidor, a pesar de que nunca se le concedi\u00f3 el permiso file.create. Este problema est\u00e1 solucionado en la versi\u00f3n 1.12.3 del Panel y la versi\u00f3n 1.12.2 de Wings."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-54593",
  "lastModified": "2026-10-24T13:10:00.147",
  "metrics": {
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    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/d0ddc80844479302abdaf9654de3bacd511c0f5c"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-1259"
        },
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-1270"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-8R6W-3QQ5-4P4R

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-07-28 15:43 – Updated: 2026-07-28 15:43

Summary

Pterodactyl's improper JWT scoping allows subuser to upload files when not explicitly granted `file.create` permissions

Details

Summary

A privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Wings /upload/file endpoint due to insufficient validation of panel-signed JWTs. Wings accepts any valid panel-signed JWT containing server_uuid, user_uuid, and unique_id, regardless of the token’s intended purpose. Because the Panel issues JWTs with these same claims for other lower-privilege operations (such as WebSocket authentication and file download links), an authenticated subuser can reuse one of those tokens to upload arbitrary files without possessing the required file.create permission.

Impact

Any subuser with permission to connect to a server's console, download files, or download backups could reuse those tokens to upload arbitrary files to the same server. A user that does not have access to a server as a subuser is not able to arbitrarily upload files.

Details

The panel generated JWT tokens for various purposes: - https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Services/Backups/DownloadLinkService.php#L33-L36 - https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Http/Controllers/Api/Client/Servers/FileUploadController.php#L45 - https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Http/Controllers/Api/Client/Servers/WebsocketController.php#L58-L61 - https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Http/Controllers/Api/Client/Servers/FileController.php#L82-L85 Though as the actual purpose is not conveyed part of the JWT tokens, this introduces this vulnerability of being able to do non-intended actions due to the expected fields (i.e. server_uuid) on most endpoints being the same when parsing it on wings' side.

PoC

Create a new subuser that has the minimal amount of permissions on a server (websocket.connect). As that subuser, retrieve a websocket JWT token from the GET /api/client/servers/[...]/websocket endpoint (in my case, I manually just make a request under that user's browser session; you can probably just resend the /websocket request in browser console to get a fresh unused token). Using that websocket token, we can abuse this by directly using it in the /upload/file endpoint of the wings node instead of using it for websocket authentication:

import requests

wings_url = 'http://[...]:8080'
websocket_token = '[...]'

res = requests.post(f'{wings_url}/upload/file', params = {
    'token': websocket_token,
}, files = {
    'files': ('file-upload.txt', b'Hello, World!'),
})
print(res.status_code, res.content)

Observe, that even though our subuser never has permissions outside viewing the console, they are able to write arbitrary files in the server. This pattern happens in a lot of other action, but this is probably the most interesting one.

Severity

8.1 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Packagist",
        "name": "pterodactyl/panel"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.12.3"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Go",
        "name": "github.com/pterodactyl/wings"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.12.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-54593"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1259",
      "CWE-1270"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-07-28T15:43:25Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nA privilege escalation vulnerability exists in the Wings /upload/file endpoint due to insufficient validation of panel-signed JWTs. Wings accepts any valid panel-signed JWT containing `server_uuid`, `user_uuid`, and `unique_id`, regardless of the token\u2019s intended purpose. Because the Panel issues JWTs with these same claims for other lower-privilege operations (such as WebSocket authentication and file download links), an authenticated subuser can reuse one of those tokens to upload arbitrary files without possessing the required `file.create` permission.\n\n### Impact\nAny subuser with permission to connect to a server\u0027s console, download files, or download backups could reuse those tokens to upload arbitrary files to the _same server_. A user that does not have access to a server as a subuser is not able to arbitrarily upload files.\n\n### Details\nThe panel generated JWT tokens for various purposes:\n- https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Services/Backups/DownloadLinkService.php#L33-L36\n- https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Http/Controllers/Api/Client/Servers/FileUploadController.php#L45\n- https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Http/Controllers/Api/Client/Servers/WebsocketController.php#L58-L61\n- https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/blob/0f82c105201b192d229f6abd5827e2ee7e672a05/app/Http/Controllers/Api/Client/Servers/FileController.php#L82-L85\nThough as the actual purpose is not conveyed part of the JWT tokens, this introduces this vulnerability of being able to do non-intended actions due to the expected fields (i.e. `server_uuid`) on most endpoints being the same when parsing it on wings\u0027 side.  \n\n### PoC\nCreate a new subuser that has the minimal amount of permissions on a server (`websocket.connect`). As that subuser, retrieve a websocket JWT token from the `GET /api/client/servers/[...]/websocket` endpoint (in my case, I manually just make a request under that user\u0027s browser session; you can probably just resend the /websocket request in browser console to get a fresh unused token). Using that websocket token, we can abuse this by directly using it in the `/upload/file` endpoint of the wings node instead of using it for websocket authentication:\n```python3\nimport requests\n\nwings_url = \u0027http://[...]:8080\u0027\nwebsocket_token = \u0027[...]\u0027\n\nres = requests.post(f\u0027{wings_url}/upload/file\u0027, params = {\n    \u0027token\u0027: websocket_token,\n}, files = {\n    \u0027files\u0027: (\u0027file-upload.txt\u0027, b\u0027Hello, World!\u0027),\n})\nprint(res.status_code, res.content)\n```\nObserve, that even though our subuser never has permissions outside viewing the console, they are able to write arbitrary files in the server. This pattern happens in a lot of other action, but this is probably the most interesting one.",
  "id": "GHSA-8r6w-3qq5-4p4r",
  "modified": "2026-07-28T15:43:25Z",
  "published": "2026-07-28T15:43:25Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/security/advisories/GHSA-8r6w-3qq5-4p4r"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/pull/5636"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel/commit/7ffcd636310bb72b54bac3280d2a15e727feded7"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/wings/commit/d0ddc80844479302abdaf9654de3bacd511c0f5c"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/pterodactyl/panel"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Pterodactyl\u0027s improper JWT scoping allows subuser to upload files when not explicitly granted `file.create` permissions"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

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Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

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Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.

Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.

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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
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Action not permitted

CVE-2026-54593 (GCVE-0-2026-54593)

FKIE_CVE-2026-54593

GHSA-8R6W-3QQ5-4P4R

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PoC

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