Vulnerability-Lookup

BDU:2016-01582 (CVE-2012-3480)

Vulnerability from fstec – Published: 2016-07-11 – Updated: 2021-08-19 – View on bdu.fstec.ru Exploit publicly available Fixed

Title

Уязвимости библиотеки, обеспечивающей системные вызовы и основные функции glibc, позволяющие нарушителю вызвать отказ в обслуживании или выполнить произвольный код

Summary

Множественные уязвимости функций trtod, strtof, strtold, strtod_l компонента stdlib библиотеки, обеспечивающей системные вызовы и основные функции, glibc вызвана целочисленным переполнением. Эксплуатация уязвимостей может позволить нарушителю, действующему локально, вызвать отказ в обслуживании или выполнить произвольный код (завершение работы приложения) при помощи специально сформированной длинной строки, приводящей к переполнению буфера на стеке

Severity

4.6 (Medium) CVSS 2.0


                      
                        AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P

Class

Code vulnerability

Status

Confirmed by the vendor

Exploitation

Being clarified

Incidents

Being clarified

Remediation

Software update

CWE

CWE-189 - Ошибки, возникающие при обработке чисел

Aliases

CVE-2012-3480, OSVDB, ID:84710, USN-1589-1, FEDORA-2012-11927, RHSA-2012:1207, RHSA-2012:1208, RHSA-2012:1262, RHSA-2012:1325, SECURITY, TRACKER, ID:1027374, EXPLOIT, DATABASE, ID:37631, BID, ID:54982

References

16 references

URL
http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-1589-1
http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1027374
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/54982
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/08/13/6
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/08/13/4
http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2012-08/msg00202.html
http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14459
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1325.html
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1262.html
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1208.html
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1207.html
http://osvdb.org/84710
http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2012-August/085190.html
https://exploit-db.com/exploits/37631/
http://wiki.rosalab.ru/ru/index.php/ROSA-SA-18-01-16.001
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847715

Impacted products

2 products from 2 vendors

Vendors

The GNU Project, АО «НТЦ ИТ РОСА»

Products

glibc, РОСА Кобальт (запись в едином реестре российских программ №1999)

Versions

2.16 (glibc), - (РОСА Кобальт)

Product types

Application software, Operating system

Platforms

Сообщество свободного программного обеспечения Unix ., Сообщество свободного программного обеспечения Linux ., АО «НТЦ ИТ РОСА» РОСА Кобальт - (запись в едином реестре российских программ №1999)

Mitigations

Для stdlib: https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847715 Для ОС РОСА КОБАЛЬТ: http://wiki.rosalab.ru/ru/index.php/ROSA-SA-18-01-16.001

Credits

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "CVSS 2.0": "AV:L/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P",
  "CVSS 3.0": null,
  "CVSS 4.0": null,
  "remediation_\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": null,
  "remediation_\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435": null,
  "\u0412\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u041f\u041e": "The GNU Project, \u0410\u041e \u00ab\u041d\u0422\u0426 \u0418\u0422 \u0420\u041e\u0421\u0410\u00bb",
  "\u0412\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \u041f\u041e": "2.16 (glibc), - (\u0420\u041e\u0421\u0410 \u041a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442)",
  "\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e": "\u0414\u043b\u044f stdlib:\nhttps://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847715\n\n\u0414\u043b\u044f \u041e\u0421 \u0420\u041e\u0421\u0410 \u041a\u041e\u0411\u0410\u041b\u042c\u0422:\nhttp://wiki.rosalab.ru/ru/index.php/ROSA-SA-18-01-16.001",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "25.08.2012",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "19.08.2021",
  "\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "11.07.2016",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440": "BDU:2016-01582",
  "\u0418\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "CVE-2012-3480, OSVDB ID:84710, USN-1589-1, FEDORA-2012-11927, RHSA-2012:1207, RHSA-2012:1208, RHSA-2012:1262, RHSA-2012:1325, Security Tracker ID:1027374, Exploit Database ID:37631, BID ID:54982",
  "\u0418\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430",
  "\u041a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041f\u041e": "glibc, \u0420\u041e\u0421\u0410 \u041a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442 (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u21161999)",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u041e\u0421 \u0438 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b": "\u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Unix . , \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Linux . , \u0410\u041e \u00ab\u041d\u0422\u0426 \u0418\u0422 \u0420\u041e\u0421\u0410\u00bb \u0420\u041e\u0421\u0410 \u041a\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442 -  (\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0435\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u21161999)",
  "\u041d\u0430\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0423\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 glibc, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434",
  "\u041d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0439\u0442\u0430": "\u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "\u041e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b (CWE-189)",
  "\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 trtod, strtof, strtold, strtod_l \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 stdlib \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, glibc \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e, \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u044b\u0437\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434 (\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f) \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0443\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0435",
  "\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": null,
  "\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f": "-",
  "\u0421\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0418\u0411": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f": "\u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f",
  "\u0421\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438": "\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f",
  "\u0421\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438": "http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-1589-1\nhttp://www.securitytracker.com/id?1027374\nhttp://www.securityfocus.com/bid/54982\nhttp://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/08/13/6\nhttp://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/08/13/4\nhttp://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2012-08/msg00202.html\nhttp://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14459\nhttp://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1325.html\nhttp://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1262.html\nhttp://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1208.html\nhttp://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1207.html\nhttp://osvdb.org/84710\nhttp://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-announce/2012-August/085190.html\nhttps://exploit-db.com/exploits/37631/\nhttp://wiki.rosalab.ru/ru/index.php/ROSA-SA-18-01-16.001\nhttps://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=847715",
  "\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u041f\u041e": "\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u041f\u041e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u041e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430",
  "\u0422\u0438\u043f \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438 CWE": "CWE-189",
  "\u0423\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438": "\u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 (\u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430 CVSS 2.0 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 4,6)"
}

CVE-2012-3480 (GCVE-0-2012-3480)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2012-08-25 10:00 – Updated: 2024-08-06 20:05

Summary

Multiple integer overflows in the (1) strtod, (2) strtof, (3) strtold, (4) strtod_l, and other unspecified "related functions" in stdlib in GNU C Library (aka glibc or libc6) 2.16 allow local users to cause a denial of service (application crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code via a long string, which triggers a stack-based buffer overflow.

Severity

No CVSS data available.

CWE

Assigner

redhat redhat root

References

16 references

URL	Tags
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/08/13/4	mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST
http://lists.fedoraproject.org/pipermail/package-…	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_FEDORA
http://osvdb.org/84710	vdb-entryx_refsource_OSVDB
http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/54982	vdb-entryx_refsource_BID
http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2012/08/13/6	mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1325.html	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
http://sourceware.org/ml/libc-alpha/2012-08/msg00…	mailing-listx_refsource_MLIST
http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=14459	x_refsource_MISC
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1262.html	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/201503-04	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_GENTOO
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1207.html	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT
http://www.securitytracker.com/id?1027374	vdb-entryx_refsource_SECTRACK
http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/USN-1589-1	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_UBUNTU
http://secunia.com/advisories/50201	third-party-advisoryx_refsource_SECUNIA
http://secunia.com/advisories/50422	third-party-advisoryx_refsource_SECUNIA
http://rhn.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2012-1208.html	vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT

Date Public

2012-08-12 00:00

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.