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CVE-2023-53634 (GCVE-0-2023-53634)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-07 15:19 – Updated: 2026-05-11 19:48
VLAI
Title
bpf, arm64: Fixed a BTI error on returning to patched function
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: bpf, arm64: Fixed a BTI error on returning to patched function When BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG is set, BPF trampoline uses BLR to jump back to the instruction next to call site to call the patched function. For BTI-enabled kernel, the instruction next to call site is usually PACIASP, in this case, it's safe to jump back with BLR. But when the call site is not followed by a PACIASP or bti, a BTI exception is triggered. Here is a fault log: Unhandled 64-bit el1h sync exception on CPU0, ESR 0x0000000034000002 -- BTI CPU: 0 PID: 263 Comm: test_progs Tainted: GF Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT) pstate: 40400805 (nZcv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=-c) pc : bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30 lr : bpf_trampoline_6442573892_0+0x48/0x1000 sp : ffff80000c0c3a50 x29: ffff80000c0c3a90 x28: ffff0000c2e6c080 x27: 0000000000000000 x26: 0000000000000000 x25: 0000000000000000 x24: 0000000000000050 x23: 0000000000000000 x22: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0 x21: 000000000000000a x20: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0 x19: 0000000000000000 x18: 0000000000000000 x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000000 x15: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0 x14: 0000000000000000 x13: 0000000000000000 x12: 0000000000000000 x11: 0000000000000000 x10: ffff80000914f5e4 x9 : ffff8000082a1528 x8 : 0000000000000000 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 : 0101010101010101 x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : 00000000fffffff2 x3 : 0000000000000001 x2 : ffff8001f4b82000 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000001 Kernel panic - not syncing: Unhandled exception CPU: 0 PID: 263 Comm: test_progs Tainted: GF Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT) Call trace: dump_backtrace+0xec/0x144 show_stack+0x24/0x7c dump_stack_lvl+0x8c/0xb8 dump_stack+0x18/0x34 panic+0x1cc/0x3ec __el0_error_handler_common+0x0/0x130 el1h_64_sync_handler+0x60/0xd0 el1h_64_sync+0x78/0x7c bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30 bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30 bpf_prog_test_run_tracing+0xdc/0x2a0 __sys_bpf+0x438/0x22a0 __arm64_sys_bpf+0x30/0x54 invoke_syscall+0x78/0x110 el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0x6c/0x1d0 do_el0_svc+0x38/0xe0 el0_svc+0x30/0xd0 el0t_64_sync_handler+0x1ac/0x1b0 el0t_64_sync+0x1a0/0x1a4 Kernel Offset: disabled CPU features: 0x0000,00034c24,f994fdab Memory Limit: none And the instruction next to call site of bpf_fentry_test1 is ADD, not PACIASP: <bpf_fentry_test1>: bti c nop nop add w0, w0, #0x1 paciasp For BPF prog, JIT always puts a PACIASP after call site for BTI-enabled kernel, so there is no problem. To fix it, replace BLR with RET to bypass the branch target check.
Severity
5.5 (Medium)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Linux Linux Affected: efc9909fdce00a827a37609628223cd45bf95d0b , < 8b9c64942ada229f52fe6f1b537a50f88b3c2673 (git)
Affected: efc9909fdce00a827a37609628223cd45bf95d0b , < eabc166919d169e105263974991f52b0351e431a (git)
Affected: efc9909fdce00a827a37609628223cd45bf95d0b , < 738a96c4a8c36950803fdd27e7c30aca92dccefd (git)
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Linux Linux Affected: 6.0
Unaffected: 0 , < 6.0 (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.25 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.2.12 , ≤ 6.2.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.3 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbpf, arm64: Fixed a BTI error on returning to patched function\n\nWhen BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG is set, BPF trampoline uses BLR to jump\nback to the instruction next to call site to call the patched function.\nFor BTI-enabled kernel, the instruction next to call site is usually\nPACIASP, in this case, it\u0027s safe to jump back with BLR. But when\nthe call site is not followed by a PACIASP or bti, a BTI exception\nis triggered.\n\nHere is a fault log:\n\n Unhandled 64-bit el1h sync exception on CPU0, ESR 0x0000000034000002 -- BTI\n CPU: 0 PID: 263 Comm: test_progs Tainted: GF\n Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)\n pstate: 40400805 (nZcv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=-c)\n pc : bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30\n lr : bpf_trampoline_6442573892_0+0x48/0x1000\n sp : ffff80000c0c3a50\n x29: ffff80000c0c3a90 x28: ffff0000c2e6c080 x27: 0000000000000000\n x26: 0000000000000000 x25: 0000000000000000 x24: 0000000000000050\n x23: 0000000000000000 x22: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0 x21: 000000000000000a\n x20: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0 x19: 0000000000000000 x18: 0000000000000000\n x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000000 x15: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0\n x14: 0000000000000000 x13: 0000000000000000 x12: 0000000000000000\n x11: 0000000000000000 x10: ffff80000914f5e4 x9 : ffff8000082a1528\n x8 : 0000000000000000 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 : 0101010101010101\n x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : 00000000fffffff2 x3 : 0000000000000001\n x2 : ffff8001f4b82000 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000001\n Kernel panic - not syncing: Unhandled exception\n CPU: 0 PID: 263 Comm: test_progs Tainted: GF\n Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)\n Call trace:\n  dump_backtrace+0xec/0x144\n  show_stack+0x24/0x7c\n  dump_stack_lvl+0x8c/0xb8\n  dump_stack+0x18/0x34\n  panic+0x1cc/0x3ec\n  __el0_error_handler_common+0x0/0x130\n  el1h_64_sync_handler+0x60/0xd0\n  el1h_64_sync+0x78/0x7c\n  bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30\n  bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30\n  bpf_prog_test_run_tracing+0xdc/0x2a0\n  __sys_bpf+0x438/0x22a0\n  __arm64_sys_bpf+0x30/0x54\n  invoke_syscall+0x78/0x110\n  el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0x6c/0x1d0\n  do_el0_svc+0x38/0xe0\n  el0_svc+0x30/0xd0\n  el0t_64_sync_handler+0x1ac/0x1b0\n  el0t_64_sync+0x1a0/0x1a4\n Kernel Offset: disabled\n CPU features: 0x0000,00034c24,f994fdab\n Memory Limit: none\n\nAnd the instruction next to call site of bpf_fentry_test1 is ADD,\nnot PACIASP:\n\n\u003cbpf_fentry_test1\u003e:\n\tbti     c\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tadd     w0, w0, #0x1\n\tpaciasp\n\nFor BPF prog, JIT always puts a PACIASP after call site for BTI-enabled\nkernel, so there is no problem. To fix it, replace BLR with RET to bypass\nthe branch target check."
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T19:48:56.832Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8b9c64942ada229f52fe6f1b537a50f88b3c2673"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/eabc166919d169e105263974991f52b0351e431a"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/738a96c4a8c36950803fdd27e7c30aca92dccefd"
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      "title": "bpf, arm64: Fixed a BTI error on returning to patched function",
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2023-53634",
    "datePublished": "2025-10-07T15:19:36.306Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-10-07T15:16:59.657Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-11T19:48:56.832Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2023-53634",
      "date": "2026-09-17",
      "epss": "0.0021",
      "percentile": "0.11448"
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    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2023-53634\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2025-10-07T16:15:46.523\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-06-17T06:45:45.787\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nbpf, arm64: Fixed a BTI error on returning to patched function\\n\\nWhen BPF_TRAMP_F_CALL_ORIG is set, BPF trampoline uses BLR to jump\\nback to the instruction next to call site to call the patched function.\\nFor BTI-enabled kernel, the instruction next to call site is usually\\nPACIASP, in this case, it\u0027s safe to jump back with BLR. But when\\nthe call site is not followed by a PACIASP or bti, a BTI exception\\nis triggered.\\n\\nHere is a fault log:\\n\\n Unhandled 64-bit el1h sync exception on CPU0, ESR 0x0000000034000002 -- BTI\\n CPU: 0 PID: 263 Comm: test_progs Tainted: GF\\n Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)\\n pstate: 40400805 (nZcv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=-c)\\n pc : bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30\\n lr : bpf_trampoline_6442573892_0+0x48/0x1000\\n sp : ffff80000c0c3a50\\n x29: ffff80000c0c3a90 x28: ffff0000c2e6c080 x27: 0000000000000000\\n x26: 0000000000000000 x25: 0000000000000000 x24: 0000000000000050\\n x23: 0000000000000000 x22: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0 x21: 000000000000000a\\n x20: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0 x19: 0000000000000000 x18: 0000000000000000\\n x17: 0000000000000000 x16: 0000000000000000 x15: 0000ffffcfd2a7f0\\n x14: 0000000000000000 x13: 0000000000000000 x12: 0000000000000000\\n x11: 0000000000000000 x10: ffff80000914f5e4 x9 : ffff8000082a1528\\n x8 : 0000000000000000 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 : 0101010101010101\\n x5 : 0000000000000000 x4 : 00000000fffffff2 x3 : 0000000000000001\\n x2 : ffff8001f4b82000 x1 : 0000000000000000 x0 : 0000000000000001\\n Kernel panic - not syncing: Unhandled exception\\n CPU: 0 PID: 263 Comm: test_progs Tainted: GF\\n Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)\\n Call trace:\\n  dump_backtrace+0xec/0x144\\n  show_stack+0x24/0x7c\\n  dump_stack_lvl+0x8c/0xb8\\n  dump_stack+0x18/0x34\\n  panic+0x1cc/0x3ec\\n  __el0_error_handler_common+0x0/0x130\\n  el1h_64_sync_handler+0x60/0xd0\\n  el1h_64_sync+0x78/0x7c\\n  bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30\\n  bpf_fentry_test1+0xc/0x30\\n  bpf_prog_test_run_tracing+0xdc/0x2a0\\n  __sys_bpf+0x438/0x22a0\\n  __arm64_sys_bpf+0x30/0x54\\n  invoke_syscall+0x78/0x110\\n  el0_svc_common.constprop.0+0x6c/0x1d0\\n  do_el0_svc+0x38/0xe0\\n  el0_svc+0x30/0xd0\\n  el0t_64_sync_handler+0x1ac/0x1b0\\n  el0t_64_sync+0x1a0/0x1a4\\n Kernel Offset: disabled\\n CPU features: 0x0000,00034c24,f994fdab\\n Memory Limit: none\\n\\nAnd the instruction next to call site of bpf_fentry_test1 is ADD,\\nnot PACIASP:\\n\\n\u003cbpf_fentry_test1\u003e:\\n\\tbti     c\\n\\tnop\\n\\tnop\\n\\tadd     w0, w0, #0x1\\n\\tpaciasp\\n\\nFor BPF prog, JIT always puts a PACIASP after call site for BTI-enabled\\nkernel, so there is no problem. To fix it, replace BLR with RET to bypass\\nthe branch target check.\"}],\"affected\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"affectedData\":[{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"unaffected\",\"programFiles\":[\"arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit.h\",\"arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"efc9909fdce00a827a37609628223cd45bf95d0b\",\"lessThan\":\"8b9c64942ada229f52fe6f1b537a50f88b3c2673\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"efc9909fdce00a827a37609628223cd45bf95d0b\",\"lessThan\":\"eabc166919d169e105263974991f52b0351e431a\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"efc9909fdce00a827a37609628223cd45bf95d0b\",\"lessThan\":\"738a96c4a8c36950803fdd27e7c30aca92dccefd\",\"versionType\":\"git\",\"status\":\"affected\"}]},{\"vendor\":\"Linux\",\"product\":\"Linux\",\"defaultStatus\":\"affected\",\"programFiles\":[\"arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit.h\",\"arch/arm64/net/bpf_jit_comp.c\"],\"repo\":\"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\",\"versions\":[{\"version\":\"6.0\",\"status\":\"affected\"},{\"version\":\"0\",\"lessThan\":\"6.0\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.1.25\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.1.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.2.12\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"6.2.*\",\"versionType\":\"semver\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"},{\"version\":\"6.3\",\"lessThanOrEqual\":\"*\",\"versionType\":\"original_commit_for_fix\",\"status\":\"unaffected\"}]}]}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":5.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"NVD-CWE-noinfo\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.25\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"D2C90BB9-CA3C-4D97-9D92-C46FE5B9B2EC\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.2.12\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4AA01E0B-227C-4686-AC91-BA30BCC48E6D\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.3:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"B8E3B0E8-FA27-4305-87BB-AF6C25B160CB\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.3:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A47F0FC3-CE52-4BA1-BA51-22F783938431\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.3:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"3583026A-27EC-4A4C-850A-83F2AF970673\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.3:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"DC271202-7570-4505-89A4-D602D47BFD00\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.3:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"D413BB6D-4F74-4C7D-9163-47786619EF53\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:6.3:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F4D613FB-9976-4989-8C4A-567773373CEA\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/738a96c4a8c36950803fdd27e7c30aca92dccefd\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8b9c64942ada229f52fe6f1b537a50f88b3c2673\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/eabc166919d169e105263974991f52b0351e431a\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Low",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-21T19:12:59+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2023-53634",
      "id": "CVE-2023-53634",
      "initial_release_date": "2023-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:fixed": "201",
      "product_status:known_affected": "22",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "166",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: bpf, arm64: Fixed a BTI error on returning to patched function",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2023/cve-2023-53634.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-09-03T00:29:58Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2023-53634",
      "id": "CVE-2023-53634",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-10-08T23:31:01Z",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "523",
      "product_status:recommended": "29",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2023-53634",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2023-53634.json",
      "version": "10"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

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  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
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  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
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