CVE-2025-12044 (GCVE-0-2025-12044)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-23 19:15 – Updated: 2025-10-23 20:00
VLAI?
Title
Vault Vulnerable to Denial of Service Due to Rate Limit Regression
Summary
Vault and Vault Enterprise (“Vault”) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]  which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0.
Severity ?
7.5 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
HashiCorp Vault Affected: 1.20.3 , < 1.21.0 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
    HashiCorp Vault Enterprise Affected: 1.20.3 , < 1.21.0 (semver)
Affected: 1.19.9 , < 1.19.11 (semver)
Affected: 1.18.14 , < 1.18.15 (semver)
Affected: 1.16.25 , < 1.16.27 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-12044",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "yes"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "partial"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-10-23T19:57:38.994628Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-10-23T20:00:16.601Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "platforms": [
            "64 bit",
            "32 bit",
            "x86",
            "ARM",
            "MacOS",
            "Windows",
            "Linux"
          ],
          "product": "Vault",
          "repo": "https://github.com/hashicorp/vault",
          "vendor": "HashiCorp",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.21.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.20.3",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "platforms": [
            "64 bit",
            "32 bit",
            "x86",
            "ARM",
            "MacOS",
            "Windows",
            "Linux"
          ],
          "product": "Vault Enterprise",
          "repo": "https://github.com/hashicorp/vault",
          "vendor": "HashiCorp",
          "versions": [
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "1.20.5",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "1.21.0",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.20.3",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "1.19.11",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "1.19.11",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.19.9",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "1.18.15",
                  "status": "affected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "1.18.15",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.18.14",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "changes": [
                {
                  "at": "1.16.27",
                  "status": "unaffected"
                }
              ],
              "lessThan": "1.16.27",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.16.25",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "\u003cp\u003eVault and Vault Enterprise (\u201cVault\u201d) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]\u00a0 which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Vault and Vault Enterprise (\u201cVault\u201d) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]\u00a0 which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-130",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-130: Excessive Allocation"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-770",
              "description": "CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-10-23T19:15:16.567Z",
        "orgId": "67fedba0-ff2e-4543-ba5b-aa93e87718cc",
        "shortName": "HashiCorp"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-31-vault-vulnerable-to-denial-of-service-due-to-rate-limit-regression/76710"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "advisory": "HCSEC-2025-31",
        "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
      },
      "title": "Vault Vulnerable to Denial of Service Due to Rate Limit Regression"
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "67fedba0-ff2e-4543-ba5b-aa93e87718cc",
    "assignerShortName": "HashiCorp",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-12044",
    "datePublished": "2025-10-23T19:15:16.567Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-10-21T19:12:21.827Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2025-10-23T20:00:16.601Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2025-12044\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"security@hashicorp.com\",\"published\":\"2025-10-23T20:15:37.607\",\"lastModified\":\"2025-12-23T20:26:03.503\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"Vault and Vault Enterprise (\u201cVault\u201d) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]\u00a0 which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0.\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"security@hashicorp.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":3.6}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"security@hashicorp.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-770\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:hashicorp:vault:*:*:*:*:enterprise:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.16.25\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.16.27\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A80F6E6B-73F4-4613-B524-E74ABD893175\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:hashicorp:vault:*:*:*:*:enterprise:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.18.14\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"1.18.15\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"5E92B1F3-EE4C-4F21-9E0D-3A36CF7D5FA4\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:hashicorp:vault:*:*:*:*:enterprise:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.19.9\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"1.19.11\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"CD76B351-286F-4F2F-8F67-B09DE58089DF\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:hashicorp:vault:*:*:*:*:enterprise:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.20.3\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.20.5\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"564C8B93-D4B4-40A2-B240-AFE8A02B743F\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:hashicorp:vault:*:*:*:*:-:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.20.3\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.21.0\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"199D575A-2712-4522-8E00-B46120F572E6\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-31-vault-vulnerable-to-denial-of-service-due-to-rate-limit-regression/76710\",\"source\":\"security@hashicorp.com\",\"tags\":[\"Vendor Advisory\"]}]}}",
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-12044\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"yes\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"partial\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2025-10-23T19:57:38.994628Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-23T20:00:13.049Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"Vault Vulnerable to Denial of Service Due to Rate Limit Regression\", \"source\": {\"advisory\": \"HCSEC-2025-31\", \"discovery\": \"EXTERNAL\"}, \"impacts\": [{\"capecId\": \"CAPEC-130\", \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"CAPEC-130: Excessive Allocation\"}]}], \"metrics\": [{\"format\": \"CVSS\", \"cvssV3_1\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 7.5, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\"}, \"scenarios\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"GENERAL\"}]}], \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://github.com/hashicorp/vault\", \"vendor\": \"HashiCorp\", \"product\": \"Vault\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"1.20.3\", \"lessThan\": \"1.21.0\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}], \"platforms\": [\"64 bit\", \"32 bit\", \"x86\", \"ARM\", \"MacOS\", \"Windows\", \"Linux\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://github.com/hashicorp/vault\", \"vendor\": \"HashiCorp\", \"product\": \"Vault Enterprise\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"changes\": [{\"at\": \"1.20.5\", \"status\": \"unaffected\"}], \"version\": \"1.20.3\", \"lessThan\": \"1.21.0\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"changes\": [{\"at\": \"1.19.11\", \"status\": \"unaffected\"}], \"version\": \"1.19.9\", \"lessThan\": \"1.19.11\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"changes\": [{\"at\": \"1.18.15\", \"status\": \"affected\"}], \"version\": \"1.18.14\", \"lessThan\": \"1.18.15\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"changes\": [{\"at\": \"1.16.27\", \"status\": \"unaffected\"}], \"version\": \"1.16.25\", \"lessThan\": \"1.16.27\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}], \"platforms\": [\"64 bit\", \"32 bit\", \"x86\", \"ARM\", \"MacOS\", \"Windows\", \"Linux\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-31-vault-vulnerable-to-denial-of-service-due-to-rate-limit-regression/76710\"}], \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Vault and Vault Enterprise (\\u201cVault\\u201d) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]\\u00a0 which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0.\", \"supportingMedia\": [{\"type\": \"text/html\", \"value\": \"\u003cp\u003eVault and Vault Enterprise (\\u201cVault\\u201d) are vulnerable to an unauthenticated denial of service when processing JSON payloads. This occurs due to a regression from a previous fix for [+HCSEC-2025-24+|https://discuss.hashicorp.com/t/hcsec-2025-24-vault-denial-of-service-though-complex-json-payloads/76393]\\u00a0 which allowed for processing JSON payloads before applying rate limits. This vulnerability, CVE-2025-12044, is fixed in Vault Community Edition 1.21.0 and Vault Enterprise 1.16.27, 1.19.11, 1.20.5, and 1.21.0.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cbr/\u003e\", \"base64\": false}]}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-770\", \"description\": \"CWE-770: Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"67fedba0-ff2e-4543-ba5b-aa93e87718cc\", \"shortName\": \"HashiCorp\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-23T19:15:16.567Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-12044\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-10-23T20:00:16.601Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-10-21T19:12:21.827Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"67fedba0-ff2e-4543-ba5b-aa93e87718cc\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-10-23T19:15:16.567Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"HashiCorp\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.



Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.