Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2025-48044 (GCVE-0-2025-48044)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-17 13:52 – Updated: 2026-09-22 09:35

Title

Authorization bypass when bypass policy condition evaluates to true

Summary

Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in ash-project ash allows Authentication Bypass. This issue affects ash: from 3.6.3 before 3.7.1.

Severity

8.6 (High)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: none Automatable: yes Technical Impact: total

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2025-10-20 18:42 UTC

CWE

CWE-863 - Incorrect Authorization

Assigner

EEF mitre root

References

5 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advis…	relatedvendor-advisory
https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2025-48044.html	related
https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2025-48044	related
https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/79749c2…	related
https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/8b83efa…	patch

Impacted products

2 products

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
ash-project	ash	Affected: 3.6.3 , < 3.7.1 (semver) cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash::::::::
ash-project	ash	Affected: 79749c2685ea031ebb2de8cf60cc5edced6a8dd0 , < 8b83efa225f657bfc3656ad8ee8485f9b2de923d (git) cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash::::::::

Credits

Jechol Lee Jechol Lee Jonatan Männchen / EEF Zach Daniel

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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                "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackRequirements": "NONE",
                "attackVector": "NETWORK",
                "baseScore": 8.6,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
                "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
                "version": "4.0",
                "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
                "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
              },
              "format": "CVSS",
              "scenarios": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "GENERAL"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-863",
                  "description": "CWE-863 Incorrect Authorization",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2026-09-22T09:35:27.186Z",
            "orgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
            "shortName": "EEF"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "name": "GitHub Advisory",
              "tags": [
                "related",
                "vendor-advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advisories/GHSA-pcxq-fjp3-r752"
            },
            {
              "name": "EEF CNA record for CVE-2025-48044",
              "tags": [
                "related"
              ],
              "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2025-48044.html"
            },
            {
              "name": "OSV record EEF-CVE-2025-48044",
              "tags": [
                "related"
              ],
              "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2025-48044"
            },
            {
              "name": "Introducing commit 79749c2 in ash-project/ash",
              "tags": [
                "related"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/79749c2685ea031ebb2de8cf60cc5edced6a8dd0"
            },
            {
              "name": "Fix commit 8b83efa in ash-project/ash",
              "tags": [
                "patch"
              ],
              "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/8b83efa225f657bfc3656ad8ee8485f9b2de923d"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "discovery": "EXTERNAL"
          },
          "title": "Authorization bypass when bypass policy condition evaluates to true"
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
        "assignerShortName": "EEF",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-48044",
        "datePublished": "2025-10-17T13:52:53.644Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-05-15T08:40:25.455Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2026-09-22T09:35:27.186Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}

FKIE_CVE-2025-48044

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2025-10-17 14:15 - Updated: 2026-09-22 10:17

Severity

8.6 (High) - CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Summary

Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in ash-project ash allows Authentication Bypass. This issue affects ash: from 3.6.3 before 3.7.1.

References

	URL	Tags
	6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db	https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2025-48044.html
	6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db	https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/79749c2685ea031ebb2de8cf60cc5edced6a8dd0
	6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db	https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/8b83efa225f657bfc3656ad8ee8485f9b2de923d
	6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db	https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advisories/GHSA-pcxq-fjp3-r752
	6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db	https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2025-48044
	134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0	https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advisories/GHSA-pcxq-fjp3-r752

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "affectedData": [
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://repo.hex.pm",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "modules": [
            "\u0027Elixir.Ash.Policy.Policy\u0027"
          ],
          "packageName": "ash",
          "packageURL": "pkg:hex/ash",
          "product": "ash",
          "programFiles": [
            "lib/ash/policy/policy.ex"
          ],
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "\u0027Elixir.Ash.Policy.Policy\u0027:expression/2"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash",
          "vendor": "ash-project",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "3.7.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "3.6.3",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        },
        {
          "collectionURL": "https://github.com",
          "cpes": [
            "cpe:2.3:a:ash-project:ash:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
          ],
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "modules": [
            "\u0027Elixir.Ash.Policy.Policy\u0027"
          ],
          "packageName": "ash-project/ash",
          "packageURL": "pkg:github/ash-project/ash",
          "product": "ash",
          "programFiles": [
            "lib/ash/policy/policy.ex"
          ],
          "programRoutines": [
            {
              "name": "\u0027Elixir.Ash.Policy.Policy\u0027:expression/2"
            }
          ],
          "repo": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash",
          "vendor": "ash-project",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "8b83efa225f657bfc3656ad8ee8485f9b2de923d",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "79749c2685ea031ebb2de8cf60cc5edced6a8dd0",
              "versionType": "git"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db"
    }
  ],
  "cveTags": [],
  "descriptions": [
    {
      "lang": "en",
      "value": "Incorrect Authorization vulnerability in ash-project ash allows Authentication Bypass.\n\nThis issue affects ash: from 3.6.3 before 3.7.1."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2025-48044",
  "lastModified": "2026-09-22T10:17:08.247",
  "metrics": {
    "cvssMetricV40": [
      {
        "cvssData": {
          "Automatable": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Recovery": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "Safety": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackRequirements": "NONE",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "baseScore": 8.6,
          "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
          "confidentialityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "exploitMaturity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "integrityRequirement": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackComplexity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackRequirements": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedAttackVector": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedPrivilegesRequired": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedSubIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedUserInteraction": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnAvailabilityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnConfidentialityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "modifiedVulnIntegrityImpact": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "providerUrgency": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "subConfidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "valueDensity": "NOT_DEFINED",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X",
          "version": "4.0",
          "vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
          "vulnConfidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
          "vulnIntegrityImpact": "HIGH",
          "vulnerabilityResponseEffort": "NOT_DEFINED"
        },
        "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
        "type": "Secondary"
      }
    ],
    "ssvcV203": [
      {
        "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
        "ssvcData": {
          "id": "CVE-2025-48044",
          "options": [
            {
              "exploitation": "none"
            },
            {
              "automatable": "yes"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "total"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2025-10-20T18:42:50.579615Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2025-10-17T14:15:46.403",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
      "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2025-48044.html"
    },
    {
      "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
      "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/79749c2685ea031ebb2de8cf60cc5edced6a8dd0"
    },
    {
      "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
      "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/8b83efa225f657bfc3656ad8ee8485f9b2de923d"
    },
    {
      "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
      "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advisories/GHSA-pcxq-fjp3-r752"
    },
    {
      "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
      "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2025-48044"
    },
    {
      "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
      "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advisories/GHSA-pcxq-fjp3-r752"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
  "vulnStatus": "Deferred",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-863"
        }
      ],
      "source": "6b3ad84c-e1a6-4bf7-a703-f496b71e49db",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-PCXQ-FJP3-R752

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2025-10-17 18:03 – Updated: 2026-04-06 23:15

Summary

Ash has authorization bypass when bypass policy condition evaluates to true

Details

Summary

Bypass policies incorrectly authorize requests when their condition evaluates to true but their authorization checks fail and no other policies apply.

Impact

Resources with bypass policies can be accessed without proper authorization when: - Bypass condition evaluates to true - Bypass authorization checks fail - Other policies exist but their conditions don't match

Details

Vulnerable code in: lib/ash/policy/policy.ex:69

{%{bypass?: true}, cond_expr, complete_expr}, {one_condition_matches, all_policies_match} ->
  {
    b(cond_expr or one_condition_matches),  # <- Bug: uses condition only
    b(complete_expr or all_policies_match)
  }

The final authorization decision is: one_condition_matches AND all_policies_match

When a bypass condition is true but bypass policies fail, and subsequent policies have non-matching conditions:

one_condition_matches = cond_expr (bypass condition) = true (bug - should check if bypass actually authorizes)
all_policies_match = (complete_expr OR NOT cond_expr) for each policy
For non-matching policies: (false OR NOT false) = true (policies don't apply)
Final: true AND true = true (incorrectly authorized)

The bypass condition alone satisfies "at least one policy applies" even though the bypass fails to authorize.

Fix

Replace cond_expr with complete_expr on line 69:

{%{bypass?: true}, _cond_expr, complete_expr}, {one_condition_matches, all_policies_match} ->
  {
    b(complete_expr or one_condition_matches),  # <- Fixed
    b(complete_expr or all_policies_match)
  }

Line 52 should also be updated for consistency (though it's only triggered when bypass is the last policy, making it coincidentally safe in practice):

{%{bypass?: true}, _cond_expr, complete_expr}, {one_condition_matches, true} ->
  {
    b(complete_expr or one_condition_matches),  # <- For consistency
    complete_expr
  }

PoC

policies do
  bypass always() do
    authorize_if actor_attribute_equals(:is_admin, true)
  end

  policy action_type(:read) do
    authorize_if always()
  end
end

Non-admin user can perform create actions (should be denied).

Test demonstrating the bug:

test "bypass policy bug" do
  policies = [
    %Ash.Policy.Policy{
      bypass?: true,
      condition: [{Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: true}],  # condition = true
      policies: [
        %Ash.Policy.Check{
          type: :authorize_if,
          check: {Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: false},  # policies = false
          check_module: Ash.Policy.Check.Static,
          check_opts: [result: false]
        }
      ]
    },
    %Ash.Policy.Policy{
      bypass?: false,
      condition: [{Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: false}],
      policies: [
        %Ash.Policy.Check{
          type: :authorize_if,
          check: {Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: true},
          check_module: Ash.Policy.Check.Static,
          check_opts: [result: true]
        }
      ]
    }
  ]

  expression = Ash.Policy.Policy.expression(policies, %{})

  assert expression == false
  # Expected: false (deny)
  # Actual on main: true (incorrectly authorized)
end

Severity

8.1 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N

8.6 (High)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 3.7.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Hex",
        "name": "ash"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "3.6.3"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "3.7.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-48044"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-863"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-10-17T18:03:06Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-10-17T14:15:46Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\nBypass policies incorrectly authorize requests when their condition evaluates to true but their authorization checks fail and no other policies apply.\n\n### Impact\nResources with bypass policies can be accessed without proper authorization when:\n- Bypass condition evaluates to true\n- Bypass authorization checks fail\n- Other policies exist but their conditions don\u0027t match\n\n### Details\nVulnerable code in: [lib/ash/policy/policy.ex:69](https://github.com/ash-project/ash/blob/b2e4d625/lib/ash/policy/policy.ex#L69)\n\n```elixir\n{%{bypass?: true}, cond_expr, complete_expr}, {one_condition_matches, all_policies_match} -\u003e\n  {\n    b(cond_expr or one_condition_matches),  # \u003c- Bug: uses condition only\n    b(complete_expr or all_policies_match)\n  }\n```\n\nThe final authorization decision is: `one_condition_matches AND all_policies_match`\n\nWhen a bypass condition is true but bypass policies fail, and subsequent policies have non-matching conditions:\n\n1. **one_condition_matches** = `cond_expr` (bypass condition) = **true** (bug - should check if bypass actually authorizes)\n2. **all_policies_match** = `(complete_expr OR NOT cond_expr)` for each policy\n   - For non-matching policies: `(false OR NOT false)` = **true** (policies don\u0027t apply)\n3. **Final**: `true AND true` = **true** (incorrectly authorized)\n\nThe bypass condition alone satisfies \"at least one policy applies\" even though the bypass fails to authorize.\n\n### Fix\nReplace `cond_expr` with `complete_expr` on line 69:\n```elixir\n{%{bypass?: true}, _cond_expr, complete_expr}, {one_condition_matches, all_policies_match} -\u003e\n  {\n    b(complete_expr or one_condition_matches),  # \u003c- Fixed\n    b(complete_expr or all_policies_match)\n  }\n```\n\nLine 52 should also be updated for consistency (though it\u0027s only triggered when bypass is the last policy, making it coincidentally safe in practice):\n```elixir\n{%{bypass?: true}, _cond_expr, complete_expr}, {one_condition_matches, true} -\u003e\n  {\n    b(complete_expr or one_condition_matches),  # \u003c- For consistency\n    complete_expr\n  }\n```\n\n### PoC\n```elixir\npolicies do\n  bypass always() do\n    authorize_if actor_attribute_equals(:is_admin, true)\n  end\n\n  policy action_type(:read) do\n    authorize_if always()\n  end\nend\n```\n\nNon-admin user can perform create actions (should be denied).\n\nTest demonstrating the bug:\n```elixir\ntest \"bypass policy bug\" do\n  policies = [\n    %Ash.Policy.Policy{\n      bypass?: true,\n      condition: [{Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: true}],  # condition = true\n      policies: [\n        %Ash.Policy.Check{\n          type: :authorize_if,\n          check: {Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: false},  # policies = false\n          check_module: Ash.Policy.Check.Static,\n          check_opts: [result: false]\n        }\n      ]\n    },\n    %Ash.Policy.Policy{\n      bypass?: false,\n      condition: [{Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: false}],\n      policies: [\n        %Ash.Policy.Check{\n          type: :authorize_if,\n          check: {Ash.Policy.Check.Static, result: true},\n          check_module: Ash.Policy.Check.Static,\n          check_opts: [result: true]\n        }\n      ]\n    }\n  ]\n\n  expression = Ash.Policy.Policy.expression(policies, %{})\n  \n  assert expression == false\n  # Expected: false (deny)\n  # Actual on main: true (incorrectly authorized)\nend\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-pcxq-fjp3-r752",
  "modified": "2026-04-06T23:15:11Z",
  "published": "2025-10-17T18:03:06Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/security/advisories/GHSA-pcxq-fjp3-r752"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-48044"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash/commit/8b83efa225f657bfc3656ad8ee8485f9b2de923d"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2025-48044.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/ash-project/ash"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2025-48044"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:L/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Ash has authorization bypass when bypass policy condition evaluates to true"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2025-48044 (GCVE-0-2025-48044)

FKIE_CVE-2025-48044

GHSA-PCXQ-FJP3-R752

Summary

Impact

Details

Fix

PoC

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour