Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-101908 (GCVE-0-2026-101908)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-09-28 17:38 – Updated: 2026-09-28 18:15

Title

Axios: Prototype pollution gadget in fetch adapter can alter outbound requests

Summary

Axios is a promise-based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.7.0 until 1.20.0, the fetch adapter constructs a Request with sanitized resolvedOptions but then calls fetch with the original fetchOptions. A separate same-process prototype-pollution flaw populates Object.prototype.headers so fetchOptions.headers resolves through inheritance. The inherited fetchOptions.headers value overrides the sanitized Request headers through the second argument to fetch after Request construction. Attacker-controlled request headers can alter authorization, caching, metadata-service access, or application-specific behavior. This issue is fixed in version 1.20.0.

Severity

6.9 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:H/SA:N

SSVC

Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: partial

CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)

Decision recorded 2026-09-28 18:14 UTC

CWE

CWE-1321 - Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution')

Assigner

GitHub_M mitre root Scorecard

References

4 references

URL	Tags
https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisorie…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/11141	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/d19040bda7a…	x_refsource_MISC
https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.20.0	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

1 product

Vendor	Product	Version	CPE status
axios	axios	Affected: >= 1.7.0, < 1.20.0	guessed

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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FKIE_CVE-2026-101908

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-09-28 18:17 - Updated: 2026-09-30 19:38

Severity

6.9 (Medium) - CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:H/SA:N

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/d19040bda7a8be2f82c3c6e1a5bc03917daee39a
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/11141
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.20.0
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-vh66-26gq-q6x8
	134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0	https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-vh66-26gq-q6x8

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version

JSON

To clipboard

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            },
            {
              "automatable": "no"
            },
            {
              "technicalImpact": "partial"
            }
          ],
          "role": "CISA Coordinator",
          "timestamp": "2026-09-28T18:14:22.792981Z",
          "version": "2.0.3"
        }
      }
    ]
  },
  "published": "2026-09-28T18:17:19.440",
  "references": [
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/d19040bda7a8be2f82c3c6e1a5bc03917daee39a"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/11141"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.20.0"
    },
    {
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-vh66-26gq-q6x8"
    },
    {
      "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-vh66-26gq-q6x8"
    }
  ],
  "sourceIdentifier": "security-advisories@github.com",
  "vulnStatus": "Awaiting Analysis",
  "weaknesses": [
    {
      "description": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "CWE-1321"
        }
      ],
      "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
      "type": "Secondary"
    }
  ]
}

GHSA-VH66-26GQ-Q6X8

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-30 15:13 – Updated: 2026-09-30 15:13

Summary

Axios: Prototype pollution gadget in fetch adapter can alter outbound requests

Details

Summary

Axios fetch adapter requests can be altered by inherited properties on fetchOptions. The adapter resolves method, headers, body, signal, and credentials into resolvedOptions, creates a Request, and then calls fetch(request, fetchOptions) instead of fetch(request, resolvedOptions). In runtimes such as Node's undici-backed fetch, inherited fetchOptions.headers can override the headers already placed on the Request.

Axios does not create the prototype pollution source. This is a read-side gadget that becomes exploitable after same-process prototype pollution.

Impact

An attacker with a prior prototype-pollution primitive can cause affected fetch-adapter requests to send attacker-controlled headers and drop caller-specified headers. This can affect authorization, cache behavior, metadata-service interactions, or application-specific header-based controls.

The issue is specific to fetch-adapter behavior and does not affect Node HTTP adapter requests.

Affected Functionality

Affected:

adapter: 'fetch'.
Runtime environments where the fetch adapter is selected.
Requests where fetchOptions is an object that does not have safe own values for sensitive fetch init fields.

Not affected:

Node HTTP adapter.
Requests that do not use the fetch adapter.
Processes where Object.prototype is not polluted.

Technical Details

lib/adapters/fetch.js builds:

const resolvedOptions = {
  ...fetchOptions,
  signal: composedSignal,
  method: method.toUpperCase(),
  headers: toByteStringHeaderObject(headers.normalize()),
  body: data,
  duplex: 'half',
  credentials: isCredentialsSupported ? withCredentials : undefined,
};

request = isRequestSupported && new Request(url, resolvedOptions);

let response = await (isRequestSupported
  ? _fetch(request, fetchOptions)
  : _fetch(url, resolvedOptions));

The fallback path without Request uses resolvedOptions, but the Request path passes the original fetchOptions as the second argument to fetch(). That second argument can contain inherited properties from Object.prototype.

Local verification on axios 1.18.1 set Object.prototype.headers = { Authorization: 'Bearer POLLUTED' } and called the fetch adapter with headers: { 'X-Good': 'yes' }, fetchOptions: {}. The loopback server received Authorization: Bearer POLLUTED and did not receive X-Good.

Proof of Concept of Attack

Constrained local demonstration:

Object.prototype.headers = { Authorization: 'Bearer POLLUTED' };
try {
  await axios.get(url, {
    adapter: 'fetch',
    headers: { 'X-Good': 'yes' },
    fetchOptions: {}
  });
} finally {
  delete Object.prototype.headers;
}

Expected safe behavior is that the sanitized axios headers remain in force. Current behavior can use the inherited fetch init headers instead.

Workarounds

Use the Node HTTP adapter for security-sensitive server-side requests until fixed. If the fetch adapter must be used, avoid passing empty fetchOptions objects in processes where prototype pollution is possible, and set explicit safe own values for fetch init fields.

Original report

Hello, I’m not completely sure if this is something you’d consider a security issue, since it depends on prototype pollution happening somewhere else first, but I wanted to report it just in case. I was testing the fetch adapter with polluted prototype values and found that `Object.prototype.headers` can change the request axios sends. The issue seems to be in `lib/adapters/fetch.js`. Axios creates a `Request` with the resolved headers/method/body, but then sends it with `fetch(request, fetchOptions)`. With undici, if `fetchOptions` doesn’t have its own headers, an inherited `Object.prototype.headers` value can be used during the final fetch call. I tested it with this:

import http from 'node:http';
import axios from 'axios';

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.end(JSON.stringify({
    authorization: req.headers.authorization || null,
    xGood: req.headers['x-good'] || null
  }));
});

await new Promise(resolve => server.listen(0, '127.0.0.1', resolve));
const { port } = server.address();

Object.prototype.headers = {
  Authorization: 'Bearer POLLUTED'
};

try {
  const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`, {
    adapter: 'fetch',
    headers: { 'X-Good': 'yes' },
    fetchOptions: {}
  });

  console.log(res.data);
} finally {
  delete Object.prototype.headers;
  server.close();
}

The result I get is:

{
  "authorization": "Bearer POLLUTED",
  "xGood": null
}

So the polluted Authorization header is sent, and the normal axios header is not. Changing the fetch call to pass the already resolved options fixes it for me:

- _fetch(request, fetchOptions)
+ _fetch(request, resolvedOptions)

`resolvedOptions` already includes `...fetchOptions`, so custom fetch options should still work, while headers, method, body, and signal stay as clean own values.

Severity

6.9 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:H/SA:N

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "axios"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.7.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.20.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-101908"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1321"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-30T15:13:16Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-09-28T18:17:19Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nAxios fetch adapter requests can be altered by inherited properties on `fetchOptions`. The adapter resolves method, headers, body, signal, and credentials into `resolvedOptions`, creates a `Request`, and then calls `fetch(request, fetchOptions)` instead of `fetch(request, resolvedOptions)`. In runtimes such as Node\u0027s undici-backed fetch, inherited `fetchOptions.headers` can override the headers already placed on the `Request`.\n\nAxios does not create the prototype pollution source. This is a read-side gadget that becomes exploitable after same-process prototype pollution.\n\n## Impact\n\nAn attacker with a prior prototype-pollution primitive can cause affected fetch-adapter requests to send attacker-controlled headers and drop caller-specified headers. This can affect authorization, cache behavior, metadata-service interactions, or application-specific header-based controls.\n\nThe issue is specific to fetch-adapter behavior and does not affect Node HTTP adapter requests.\n\n## Affected Functionality\n\nAffected:\n\n- `adapter: \u0027fetch\u0027`.\n- Runtime environments where the fetch adapter is selected.\n- Requests where `fetchOptions` is an object that does not have safe own values for sensitive fetch init fields.\n\nNot affected:\n\n- Node HTTP adapter.\n- Requests that do not use the fetch adapter.\n- Processes where `Object.prototype` is not polluted.\n\n## Technical Details\n\n`lib/adapters/fetch.js` builds:\n\n```js\nconst resolvedOptions = {\n  ...fetchOptions,\n  signal: composedSignal,\n  method: method.toUpperCase(),\n  headers: toByteStringHeaderObject(headers.normalize()),\n  body: data,\n  duplex: \u0027half\u0027,\n  credentials: isCredentialsSupported ? withCredentials : undefined,\n};\n\nrequest = isRequestSupported \u0026\u0026 new Request(url, resolvedOptions);\n\nlet response = await (isRequestSupported\n  ? _fetch(request, fetchOptions)\n  : _fetch(url, resolvedOptions));\n```\n\nThe fallback path without `Request` uses `resolvedOptions`, but the `Request` path passes the original `fetchOptions` as the second argument to `fetch()`. That second argument can contain inherited properties from `Object.prototype`.\n\nLocal verification on axios `1.18.1` set `Object.prototype.headers = { Authorization: \u0027Bearer POLLUTED\u0027 }` and called the fetch adapter with `headers: { \u0027X-Good\u0027: \u0027yes\u0027 }, fetchOptions: {}`. The loopback server received `Authorization: Bearer POLLUTED` and did not receive `X-Good`.\n\n## Proof of Concept of Attack\n\nConstrained local demonstration:\n\n```js\nObject.prototype.headers = { Authorization: \u0027Bearer POLLUTED\u0027 };\ntry {\n  await axios.get(url, {\n    adapter: \u0027fetch\u0027,\n    headers: { \u0027X-Good\u0027: \u0027yes\u0027 },\n    fetchOptions: {}\n  });\n} finally {\n  delete Object.prototype.headers;\n}\n```\n\nExpected safe behavior is that the sanitized axios headers remain in force. Current behavior can use the inherited fetch init headers instead.\n\n## Workarounds\n\nUse the Node HTTP adapter for security-sensitive server-side requests until fixed. If the fetch adapter must be used, avoid passing empty `fetchOptions` objects in processes where prototype pollution is possible, and set explicit safe own values for fetch init fields.\n\n\u003cdetails\u003e\n  \u003csummary\u003e\u003ch3\u003eOriginal report\u003c/h3\u003e\u003c/summary\u003e\n  \nHello, I\u2019m not completely sure if this is something you\u2019d consider a security issue, since it depends on prototype pollution happening somewhere else first, but I wanted to report it just in case.\n\nI was testing the fetch adapter with polluted prototype values and found that `Object.prototype.headers` can change the request axios sends.\n\nThe issue seems to be in `lib/adapters/fetch.js`. Axios creates a `Request` with the resolved headers/method/body, but then sends it with `fetch(request, fetchOptions)`. With undici, if `fetchOptions` doesn\u2019t have its own headers, an inherited `Object.prototype.headers` value can be used during the final fetch call.\n\nI tested it with this:\n\n```js\nimport http from \u0027node:http\u0027;\nimport axios from \u0027axios\u0027;\n\nconst server = http.createServer((req, res) =\u003e {\n  res.end(JSON.stringify({\n    authorization: req.headers.authorization || null,\n    xGood: req.headers[\u0027x-good\u0027] || null\n  }));\n});\n\nawait new Promise(resolve =\u003e server.listen(0, \u0027127.0.0.1\u0027, resolve));\nconst { port } = server.address();\n\nObject.prototype.headers = {\n  Authorization: \u0027Bearer POLLUTED\u0027\n};\n\ntry {\n  const res = await axios.get(`http://127.0.0.1:${port}/`, {\n    adapter: \u0027fetch\u0027,\n    headers: { \u0027X-Good\u0027: \u0027yes\u0027 },\n    fetchOptions: {}\n  });\n\n  console.log(res.data);\n} finally {\n  delete Object.prototype.headers;\n  server.close();\n}\n```\n\nThe result I get is:\n\n```json\n{\n  \"authorization\": \"Bearer POLLUTED\",\n  \"xGood\": null\n}\n```\n\nSo the polluted Authorization header is sent, and the normal axios header is not.\n\nChanging the fetch call to pass the already resolved options fixes it for me:\n\n```diff\n- _fetch(request, fetchOptions)\n+ _fetch(request, resolvedOptions)\n```\n\n`resolvedOptions` already includes `...fetchOptions`, so custom fetch options should still work, while headers, method, body, and signal stay as clean own values.\n\u003c/details\u003e\n\n---",
  "id": "GHSA-vh66-26gq-q6x8",
  "modified": "2026-09-30T15:13:16Z",
  "published": "2026-09-30T15:13:16Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-vh66-26gq-q6x8"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-101908"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/11141"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/d19040bda7a8be2f82c3c6e1a5bc03917daee39a"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.20.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:H/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Axios: Prototype pollution gadget in fetch adapter can alter outbound requests"
}

UBUNTU-CVE-2026-101908 (CVE-2026-101908)

Vulnerability from osv_ubuntu – Published: 2026-09-28 18:17 – Updated: 2026-09-30 21:41 – Source website

Details

Severity

6.9 (Medium)


                    
                      CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:H/SA:N

N/A (UNKNOWN)


                    
                      medium

References

URL

Type

	https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-101908	REPORT
	https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-101908	REPORT
	https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisorie…	REPORT
	https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/11141	REPORT
	https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/d19040bda7a…	REPORT
	https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.20.0	REPORT

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "node-axios",
            "binary_version": "0.19.0+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:20.04:LTS",
        "name": "node-axios",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/node-axios@0.19.0+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1~esm1?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/focal"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "0.19.0+dfsg-2",
        "0.19.0+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1~esm1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "node-axios",
            "binary_version": "0.26.0+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:22.04:LTS",
        "name": "node-axios",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/node-axios@0.26.0+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1~esm1?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/jammy"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "0.21.1+dfsg-1",
        "0.23.0+dfsg-2",
        "0.24.0+dfsg-1",
        "0.25.0+dfsg-2",
        "0.26.0+dfsg-1",
        "0.26.0+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1~esm1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "node-axios",
            "binary_version": "1.6.8+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:24.04:LTS",
        "name": "node-axios",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/node-axios@1.6.8+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1~esm1?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/noble"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "1.2.1+dfsg-1",
        "1.5.1+dfsg-1",
        "1.6.2+dfsg-1",
        "1.6.8+dfsg-2",
        "1.6.8+dfsg-2ubuntu0.1~esm1"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ecosystem_specific": {
        "binaries": [
          {
            "binary_name": "node-axios",
            "binary_version": "1.13.2+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1~esm1"
          }
        ]
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "Ubuntu:Pro:26.04:LTS",
        "name": "node-axios",
        "purl": "pkg:deb/ubuntu/node-axios@1.13.2+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1~esm1?arch=source\u0026distro=esm-apps/resolute"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ],
      "versions": [
        "1.11.0+dfsg-1",
        "1.12.1+dfsg-1",
        "1.13.2+dfsg-1build1",
        "1.13.2+dfsg-1ubuntu0.1~esm1"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [],
  "details": "Axios is a promise-based HTTP client for the browser and Node.js. From 1.7.0 until 1.20.0, the fetch adapter constructs a Request with sanitized resolvedOptions but then calls fetch with the original fetchOptions. A separate same-process prototype-pollution flaw populates Object.prototype.headers so fetchOptions.headers resolves through inheritance. The inherited fetchOptions.headers value overrides the sanitized Request headers through the second argument to fetch after Request construction. Attacker-controlled request headers can alter authorization, caching, metadata-service access, or application-specific behavior. This issue is fixed in version 1.20.0.",
  "id": "UBUNTU-CVE-2026-101908",
  "modified": "2026-09-30T21:41:53Z",
  "published": "2026-09-28T18:17:00Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-101908"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2026-101908"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-vh66-26gq-q6x8"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/11141"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/d19040bda7a8be2f82c3c6e1a5bc03917daee39a"
    },
    {
      "type": "REPORT",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.20.0"
    }
  ],
  "related": [],
  "schema_version": "1.7.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:H/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    },
    {
      "score": "medium",
      "type": "Ubuntu"
    }
  ],
  "upstream": [
    "CVE-2026-101908"
  ]
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date	Other

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base model, served locally by ML-Gateway. They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
The approach is described in our paper Mapping CVEs to MITRE ATT&CK Techniques: A Curated Gold-Set Classifier and the Limits of LLM-Assisted Label Expansion.
Browse all ATT&CK techniques and the vulnerabilities related to each.

Related by attack behaviour

Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-101908 (GCVE-0-2026-101908)

FKIE_CVE-2026-101908

GHSA-VH66-26GQ-Q6X8

Summary

Impact

Affected Functionality

Technical Details

Proof of Concept of Attack

Workarounds

Original report

UBUNTU-CVE-2026-101908 (CVE-2026-101908)

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature

Related by attack behaviour