Vulnerability-Lookup

CVE-2026-27695 (GCVE-0-2026-27695)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-25 14:56 – Updated: 2026-02-26 21:33

Title

zae-limiter: DynamoDB hot partition throttling enables per-entity Denial of Service

Summary

zae-limiter is a rate limiting library using the token bucket algorithm. Prior to version 0.10.1, all rate limit buckets for a single entity share the same DynamoDB partition key (`namespace/ENTITY#{id}`). A high-traffic entity can exceed DynamoDB's per-partition throughput limits (~1,000 WCU/sec), causing throttling that degrades service for that entity — and potentially co-located entities in the same partition. Version 0.10.1 fixes the issue.

Severity ?

4.3 (Medium)


                        
                          CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

CWE

CWE-770 - Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling

Assigner

GitHub_M

References

URL

Tags

	https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter/security/ad…	x_refsource_CONFIRM
	https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter/releases/ta…	x_refsource_MISC

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	zeroae	zae-limiter	Affected: < 0.10.1

Show details on NVD website

JSON

To clipboard

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FKIE_CVE-2026-27695

Vulnerability from fkie_nvd - Published: 2026-02-25 15:20 - Updated: 2026-02-26 15:38

Severity ?

4.3 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L
5.3 (Medium) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

Summary

References

	URL	Tags
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter/releases/tag/v0.10.1	Release Notes
	security-advisories@github.com	https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter/security/advisories/GHSA-76rv-2r9v-c5m6	Vendor Advisory

Impacted products

	Vendor	Product	Version
	zeroae	zae-limiter	*

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "configurations": [
    {
      "nodes": [
        {
          "cpeMatch": [
            {
              "criteria": "cpe:2.3:a:zeroae:zae-limiter:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
              "matchCriteriaId": "FF53AB9A-4E88-4C25-9752-3564CD7DDA1D",
              "versionEndExcluding": "0.10.1",
              "vulnerable": true
            }
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          "operator": "OR"
        }
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  "cveTags": [],
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      "lang": "en",
      "value": "zae-limiter is a rate limiting library using the token bucket algorithm. Prior to version 0.10.1, all rate limit buckets for a single entity share the same DynamoDB partition key (`namespace/ENTITY#{id}`). A high-traffic entity can exceed DynamoDB\u0027s per-partition throughput limits (~1,000 WCU/sec), causing throttling that degrades service for that entity \u2014 and potentially co-located entities in the same partition. Version 0.10.1 fixes the issue."
    }
  ],
  "id": "CVE-2026-27695",
  "lastModified": "2026-02-26T15:38:45.277",
  "metrics": {
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        "cvssData": {
          "attackComplexity": "LOW",
          "attackVector": "NETWORK",
          "availabilityImpact": "LOW",
          "baseScore": 4.3,
          "baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
          "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
          "integrityImpact": "NONE",
          "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
          "scope": "UNCHANGED",
          "userInteraction": "NONE",
          "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
          "version": "3.1"
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        "impactScore": 1.4,
        "source": "security-advisories@github.com",
        "type": "Secondary"
      },
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    }
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}

GHSA-76RV-2R9V-C5M6

Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-02-25 22:31 – Updated: 2026-02-25 22:31

Summary

zae-limiter: DynamoDB hot partition throttling enables per-entity Denial of Service

Details

Summary

All rate limit buckets for a single entity share the same DynamoDB partition key (namespace/ENTITY#{id}). A high-traffic entity can exceed DynamoDB's per-partition throughput limits (~1,000 WCU/sec), causing throttling that degrades service for that entity — and potentially co-located entities in the same partition.

Details

Each acquire() call performs a TransactWriteItems (or UpdateItem in speculative mode) against items sharing the same partition key. For cascade entities, this doubles to 2-4 writes per request (child + parent). At sustained rates above ~500 req/sec for a single entity, DynamoDB's adaptive capacity may not redistribute fast enough, causing ProvisionedThroughputExceededException.

The library has no built-in mitigation: - No partition key sharding/salting - No write coalescing or batching - No client-side admission control before hitting DynamoDB - RateLimiterUnavailable is raised but the caller has already been delayed

Impact

Availability: High-traffic entities experience elevated latency and rejected requests beyond what their rate limits specify
Fairness: Other entities sharing the same DynamoDB partition may experience collateral throttling
Multi-tenant risk: In a shared LLM proxy scenario, one tenant's burst traffic could degrade service for others

Reproduction

Create an entity with high rate limits (e.g., 100,000 rpm)
Send sustained traffic at 1,000+ req/sec to a single entity
Observe DynamoDB ThrottledRequests CloudWatch metric increasing
Observe acquire() latency spikes and RateLimiterUnavailable exceptions

Remediation Design: Pre-Shard Buckets

Move buckets to PK={ns}/BUCKET#{entity}#{resource}#{shard}, SK=#STATE — one partition per (entity, resource, shard)
Auto-inject wcu:1000 reserved limit on every bucket — tracks DynamoDB partition write pressure in-band (name may change during implementation)
Shard doubling (1→2→4→8) triggered by client on wcu exhaustion or proactively by aggregator
Shard 0 at suffix #0 is source of truth for shard_count. Aggregator propagates to other shards
Original limits stored on bucket, effective limits derived: original / shard_count. Infrastructure limits (wcu) not divided
Shard selection: random/round-robin. On application limit exhaustion, retry on another shard (max 2 retries)
Lazy shard creation on first access
Bucket discovery via GSI3 (KEYS_ONLY) + BatchGetItem. GSI2 for resource aggregation unchanged
Cascade: parent unaware, protected by own wcu
Aggregator: parse new PK format, key by shard_id, effective limits for refill, filter wcu from snapshots
Clean break migration: schema version bump, old buckets ignored, new buckets created on first access
$0.625/M preserved on hot path

Severity ?

4.3 (Medium)


                  
                    CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L

Show details on source website

JSON

To clipboard

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "database_specific": {
        "last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.10.0"
      },
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "PyPI",
        "name": "zae-limiter"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.10.1"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-27695"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-25T22:31:10Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-25T15:20:52Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nAll rate limit buckets for a single entity share the same DynamoDB partition key (`namespace/ENTITY#{id}`). A high-traffic entity can exceed DynamoDB\u0027s per-partition throughput limits (~1,000 WCU/sec), causing throttling that degrades service for that entity \u2014 and potentially co-located entities in the same partition.\n\n## Details\n\nEach `acquire()` call performs a `TransactWriteItems` (or `UpdateItem` in speculative mode) against items sharing the same partition key. For cascade entities, this doubles to 2-4 writes per request (child + parent). At sustained rates above ~500 req/sec for a single entity, DynamoDB\u0027s adaptive capacity may not redistribute fast enough, causing `ProvisionedThroughputExceededException`.\n\nThe library has no built-in mitigation:\n- No partition key sharding/salting\n- No write coalescing or batching\n- No client-side admission control before hitting DynamoDB\n- `RateLimiterUnavailable` is raised but the caller has already been delayed\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Availability**: High-traffic entities experience elevated latency and rejected requests beyond what their rate limits specify\n- **Fairness**: Other entities sharing the same DynamoDB partition may experience collateral throttling\n- **Multi-tenant risk**: In a shared LLM proxy scenario, one tenant\u0027s burst traffic could degrade service for others\n\n## Reproduction\n\n1. Create an entity with high rate limits (e.g., 100,000 rpm)\n2. Send sustained traffic at 1,000+ req/sec to a single entity\n3. Observe DynamoDB `ThrottledRequests` CloudWatch metric increasing\n4. Observe `acquire()` latency spikes and `RateLimiterUnavailable` exceptions\n\n## Remediation Design: Pre-Shard Buckets\n\n- Move buckets to `PK={ns}/BUCKET#{entity}#{resource}#{shard}, SK=#STATE` \u2014 one partition per (entity, resource, shard)\n- Auto-inject `wcu:1000` reserved limit on every bucket \u2014 tracks DynamoDB partition write pressure in-band (name may change during implementation)\n- Shard doubling (1\u21922\u21924\u21928) triggered by client on `wcu` exhaustion or proactively by aggregator\n- Shard 0 at suffix `#0` is source of truth for `shard_count`. Aggregator propagates to other shards\n- Original limits stored on bucket, effective limits derived: `original / shard_count`. Infrastructure limits (`wcu`) not divided\n- Shard selection: random/round-robin. On application limit exhaustion, retry on another shard (max 2 retries)\n- Lazy shard creation on first access\n- Bucket discovery via GSI3 (KEYS_ONLY) + BatchGetItem. GSI2 for resource aggregation unchanged\n- Cascade: parent unaware, protected by own `wcu`\n- Aggregator: parse new PK format, key by shard_id, effective limits for refill, filter `wcu` from snapshots\n- Clean break migration: schema version bump, old buckets ignored, new buckets created on first access\n- **$0.625/M preserved on hot path**",
  "id": "GHSA-76rv-2r9v-c5m6",
  "modified": "2026-02-25T22:31:10Z",
  "published": "2026-02-25T22:31:10Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter/security/advisories/GHSA-76rv-2r9v-c5m6"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-27695"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter/commit/481ce44d818d66e31d8837bc48519660ce4c267f"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/zeroae/zae-limiter/releases/tag/v0.10.1"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "zae-limiter: DynamoDB hot partition throttling enables per-entity Denial of Service"
}

Sightings

Author	Source	Type	Date

Nomenclature

Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.

Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.

Action not permitted

CVE-2026-27695 (GCVE-0-2026-27695)

FKIE_CVE-2026-27695

GHSA-76RV-2R9V-C5M6

Summary

Details

Impact

Reproduction

Remediation Design: Pre-Shard Buckets

Tags

Sightings

Nomenclature