GHSA-35G8-35P8-C8FW
Vulnerability from github – Published: 2026-09-30 23:40 – Updated: 2026-09-30 23:40Summary
A russh server can be driven to unbounded heap growth (process OOM / kill) by a peer that speaks only standard SSH messages, in the default configuration.
The peer starts a key re-exchange (sends SSH_MSG_KEXINIT) but never sends the
follow-up SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT, leaving the server's kex state machine in
SessionKexState::InProgress indefinitely. While a rekey is in progress the
server's three message-drain paths are all gated off (if !self.kex.active()),
but the network-read path stays active, so every SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN the peer
sends is processed inline and appends one reply to an unbounded internal
queue (priority_receiver, an UnboundedReceiver) that is not dequeued until
the rekey completes. Because the peer decides whether the rekey ever completes,
the queue — and the server's memory — grows without bound.
This is reproducible end-to-end against a real russh server over a real encrypted transport; see "Proof of concept". A one-line negative control (same flood, no rekey) keeps memory flat, isolating the rekey window as the sole trigger.
Impact
- Availability / DoS. Server RSS climbs at roughly 3.3 KB per
CHANNEL_OPEN, driven entirely by the peer, until the process is OOM-killed. In the reproduction one connection pushed the server from ~4 MB to 2.57 GB (and past 4.8 GB against the stockechoserverexample) and it was still climbing when the flood was stopped. - Reached with standard messages, no special configuration. Any handler is affected, including one that rejects every channel (the reply enqueued on rejection is exactly what accumulates). There is no per-connection cap on in-flight channel opens or on the queue, and the queue's sender has no backpressure.
- The peer keeps the connection alive simply by continuing to send, so the inactivity timer never fires.
Affected component
russh/src/server/session.rs—Session::runtokio::select!loop. The network-read arm is ungated; the three drain paths are gated on!self.kex.active().russh/src/server/mod.rs—reply()routes a non-kex message received during a rekey straight toserver_read_encrypted(inline processing).russh/src/lib_inner.rs—ChannelOpenHandleInner'saccept/reject/Dropallsenda reply on anUnboundedSender.
Verified on v0.63.1 (commit d3ae702), which is the latest release. The
gating logic predates it.
Details
Session::run (russh/src/server/session.rs:631) drives a tokio::select!
(:713). Three of its message-drain sites are gated on !self.kex.active():
- the pre-
select!batch drain ofpriority_receiver/receiver(session.rs:680), - the
priority_receiver.recv()arm (session.rs:762), - the
receiver.recv()arm (session.rs:770, which also holds the only otherpriority_receiverdrain at:777).
The fourth arm, r = &mut reading (session.rs:714), is ungated: it reads
and processes one incoming packet every loop iteration regardless of rekey
state, calling reply() (server/mod.rs:1128).
During a rekey, session.common.encrypted.is_some(), so the strict-kex
message-ordering guard (server/mod.rs:1143, which is additionally gated on
encrypted.is_none()) does not apply. A non-kex message therefore falls
through reply() to session.server_read_encrypted(handler, pkt)
(server/mod.rs:1232) and is handled inline. For SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN this
reaches the channel-open handling, which hands the application a
ChannelOpenHandle.
Whether the handler accepts or (the trait default) rejects, the handle's
accept / reject / Drop all send a Msg::ChannelOpenReply on an
UnboundedSender (russh/src/lib_inner.rs:560-603; Drop sends
AdministrativelyProhibited at :594-603). That sender feeds
priority_receiver, declared UnboundedReceiver<Msg> (session.rs:23) and
created with tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel() (session.rs:1522). Its
only drain sites are the three arms gated off during the rekey. So each
CHANNEL_OPEN processed during the rekey window appends one reply (carrying a
PendingChannelOpen = channel params + mpsc ChannelRef + ids, a few KB
retained in practice) to a queue that is never dequeued.
Two facts make this unbounded and remote:
- The server enters
InProgressthe moment it receives the peer'sKEXINIT(server/mod.rs:1153-1158,begin_rekey) and only leaves it upon receiving the peer'sKEX_ECDH_INIT. The peer decides whether to ever send that, so the window is attacker-held. - There is no per-connection cap on channels or on the priority queue, and the sender is unbounded (no backpressure).
Root cause
The intended design was to buffer packets received during a rekey and replay
them afterwards: the fields pending_reads: Vec<Vec<u8>> and pending_len: u32
(session.rs:26-27) exist and are drained at kex completion
(server/mod.rs:1194-1198). But nothing ever pushes to pending_reads or
increments pending_len (they are dead — confirmed by grep across
russh/src/). Instead of being buffered, channel messages received during a
rekey are processed inline, and their replies pile up in the unbounded
priority_receiver. The missing piece is a bound on — or bounded deferral of —
channel processing while kex.active().
Proof of concept
Everything runs inside a container; nothing touches the host.
Lab. poc/Dockerfile builds russh-lab:head from Eugeny/russh @ d3ae702
(v0.63.1), default features (rust 1.91). A raw-SSH-client PoC
(poc/poc_rekey_dos.rs) implements curve25519-sha256 / ssh-ed25519 /
aes256-ctr / hmac-sha2-256 by hand, completes the handshake and a publickey
auth, then:
- sends
SSH_MSG_KEXINIT(server enterskex.active()), - never sends
KEX_ECDH_INIT(rekey stalls, attacker-held), - floods
SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN.
A minimal server (poc/poc_server.rs) uses the trait-default
channel_open_session (which rejects by dropping the handle), so the measured
growth is purely the undrained priority queue, not accepted-channel state.
poc/run.sh runs the attack leg and an identical negative control with no
rekey. Fresh run inside the lab, N = 800,000 opens
(results/rerun-2026-08-29.log):
=== ATTACK (rekey stall) === (poc_server baseline_RSS=4208KB, N=800000)
t=2s server_RSS=667760KB
t=4s server_RSS=1599600KB
t=6s server_RSS=2556016KB
t=8s server_RSS=2566256KB (flood done; memory retained)
=== CONTROL (no rekey) === (poc_server baseline_RSS=4208KB, N=800000)
t=2s..t=12s server_RSS=4208KB (flat throughout)
- ATTACK: RSS
4,208 KB → 2,566,256 KB(~2.57 GB) and retained after the flood ends — ~3.3 KB perCHANNEL_OPEN, attacker-driven. (An earlier canonical run reached 2.7 GB at 800k opens, and past 4.8 GB against the stockechoserverexample at 1.5 M opens — seeresults/canonical-run.log.) - CONTROL: RSS flat at
4,208 KB. Without the rekey window the replies are drained normally; TCP backpressure (the client never reads the failure replies) even throttles the flood.
The control isolates the rekey window as the sole trigger. Both legs exercise
the real server entry point (Session::run → reply → server_read_encrypted)
over a real encrypted transport.
Reproduce: C=russh-lab N=800000 ./poc/run.sh (see poc/POC-README.md).
Remediation
The priority queue carries locally generated channel-open replies, which are non-kex messages the server must not send during a rekey anyway (RFC 4253 §7.1). So the fix is to bound how much channel work is done during a rekey, not to drain the queue mid-rekey. Any of:
- (recommended, minimal) cap the number of non-kex messages processed while a
rekey is in progress and disconnect a peer that exceeds it. A stalled/abusive
rekey is then torn down after a small constant instead of growing memory
without bound. See
patch/rekey-message-cap.patch(a ~10-line change local toSession::run, validated in the lab — the attack leg is disconnected after the cap and RSS stays flat; a normal rekey, which completes in one round trip, is unaffected). - bound / deferred-buffer channel messages during a rekey using the existing
(currently dead)
pending_reads/pending_lenmachinery, with a hard cap. - bound the number of in-flight channel opens per connection and reject beyond it.
OpenSSH does not service new channels mid-kex; matching that intent closes the whole family.
{
"affected": [
{
"database_specific": {
"last_known_affected_version_range": "\u003c= 0.63.1"
},
"package": {
"ecosystem": "crates.io",
"name": "russh"
},
"ranges": [
{
"events": [
{
"introduced": "0"
},
{
"fixed": "0.63.2"
}
],
"type": "ECOSYSTEM"
}
]
}
],
"aliases": [
"CVE-2026-102821"
],
"database_specific": {
"cwe_ids": [
"CWE-400",
"CWE-770"
],
"github_reviewed": true,
"github_reviewed_at": "2026-09-30T23:40:43Z",
"nvd_published_at": "2026-09-29T19:17:23Z",
"severity": "MODERATE"
},
"details": "## Summary\n\nA russh **server** can be driven to unbounded heap growth (process OOM / kill) by\na peer that speaks only standard SSH messages, in the **default configuration**.\n\nThe peer starts a key re-exchange (sends `SSH_MSG_KEXINIT`) but never sends the\nfollow-up `SSH_MSG_KEX_ECDH_INIT`, leaving the server\u0027s kex state machine in\n`SessionKexState::InProgress` **indefinitely**. While a rekey is in progress the\nserver\u0027s three message-drain paths are all gated off (`if !self.kex.active()`),\nbut the network-read path stays active, so every `SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN` the peer\nsends is processed inline and appends one reply to an **unbounded** internal\nqueue (`priority_receiver`, an `UnboundedReceiver`) that is not dequeued until\nthe rekey completes. Because the peer decides whether the rekey ever completes,\nthe queue \u2014 and the server\u0027s memory \u2014 grows without bound.\n\nThis is reproducible end-to-end against a real russh server over a real\nencrypted transport; see \"Proof of concept\". A one-line negative control (same\nflood, no rekey) keeps memory flat, isolating the rekey window as the sole\ntrigger.\n\n## Impact\n\n- **Availability / DoS.** Server RSS climbs at roughly 3.3 KB per\n `CHANNEL_OPEN`, driven entirely by the peer, until the process is OOM-killed.\n In the reproduction one connection pushed the server from ~4 MB to **2.57 GB**\n (and past **4.8 GB** against the stock `echoserver` example) and it was still\n climbing when the flood was stopped.\n- **Reached with standard messages, no special configuration.** Any handler is\n affected, including one that rejects every channel (the reply enqueued on\n rejection is exactly what accumulates). There is no per-connection cap on\n in-flight channel opens or on the queue, and the queue\u0027s sender has no\n backpressure.\n- The peer keeps the connection alive simply by continuing to send, so the\n inactivity timer never fires.\n\n## Affected component\n\n- `russh/src/server/session.rs` \u2014 `Session::run` `tokio::select!` loop. The\n network-read arm is ungated; the three drain paths are gated on\n `!self.kex.active()`.\n- `russh/src/server/mod.rs` \u2014 `reply()` routes a non-kex message received during\n a rekey straight to `server_read_encrypted` (inline processing).\n- `russh/src/lib_inner.rs` \u2014 `ChannelOpenHandleInner`\u0027s `accept`/`reject`/`Drop`\n all `send` a reply on an `UnboundedSender`.\n\nVerified on **v0.63.1** (commit `d3ae702`), which is the latest release. The\ngating logic predates it.\n\n## Details\n\n`Session::run` (`russh/src/server/session.rs:631`) drives a `tokio::select!`\n(`:713`). Three of its message-drain sites are gated on `!self.kex.active()`:\n\n- the pre-`select!` batch drain of `priority_receiver`/`receiver`\n (`session.rs:680`),\n- the `priority_receiver.recv()` arm (`session.rs:762`),\n- the `receiver.recv()` arm (`session.rs:770`, which also holds the only other\n `priority_receiver` drain at `:777`).\n\nThe fourth arm, `r = \u0026mut reading` (`session.rs:714`), is **ungated**: it reads\nand processes one incoming packet every loop iteration regardless of rekey\nstate, calling `reply()` (`server/mod.rs:1128`).\n\nDuring a **rekey**, `session.common.encrypted.is_some()`, so the strict-kex\nmessage-ordering guard (`server/mod.rs:1143`, which is additionally gated on\n`encrypted.is_none()`) does **not** apply. A non-kex message therefore falls\nthrough `reply()` to `session.server_read_encrypted(handler, pkt)`\n(`server/mod.rs:1232`) and is handled inline. For `SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN` this\nreaches the channel-open handling, which hands the application a\n`ChannelOpenHandle`.\n\nWhether the handler accepts or (the trait default) rejects, the handle\u0027s\n`accept` / `reject` / `Drop` all `send` a `Msg::ChannelOpenReply` on an\n`UnboundedSender` (`russh/src/lib_inner.rs:560-603`; `Drop` sends\n`AdministrativelyProhibited` at `:594-603`). That sender feeds\n`priority_receiver`, declared `UnboundedReceiver\u003cMsg\u003e` (`session.rs:23`) and\ncreated with `tokio::sync::mpsc::unbounded_channel()` (`session.rs:1522`). Its\nonly drain sites are the three arms gated off during the rekey. So each\n`CHANNEL_OPEN` processed during the rekey window appends one reply (carrying a\n`PendingChannelOpen` = channel params + mpsc `ChannelRef` + ids, a few KB\nretained in practice) to a queue that is never dequeued.\n\nTwo facts make this unbounded and remote:\n\n1. The server enters `InProgress` the moment it receives the peer\u0027s `KEXINIT`\n (`server/mod.rs:1153-1158`, `begin_rekey`) and only leaves it upon receiving\n the peer\u0027s `KEX_ECDH_INIT`. **The peer decides** whether to ever send that,\n so the window is attacker-held.\n2. There is no per-connection cap on channels or on the priority queue, and the\n sender is unbounded (no backpressure).\n\n### Root cause\n\nThe intended design was to *buffer* packets received during a rekey and replay\nthem afterwards: the fields `pending_reads: Vec\u003cVec\u003cu8\u003e\u003e` and `pending_len: u32`\n(`session.rs:26-27`) exist and are **drained** at kex completion\n(`server/mod.rs:1194-1198`). But nothing ever **pushes** to `pending_reads` or\nincrements `pending_len` (they are dead \u2014 confirmed by grep across\n`russh/src/`). Instead of being buffered, channel messages received during a\nrekey are processed inline, and their replies pile up in the unbounded\n`priority_receiver`. The missing piece is a bound on \u2014 or bounded deferral of \u2014\nchannel processing while `kex.active()`.\n\n## Proof of concept\n\nEverything runs inside a container; nothing touches the host.\n\n**Lab.** `poc/Dockerfile` builds `russh-lab:head` from Eugeny/russh @ `d3ae702`\n(v0.63.1), default features (rust 1.91). A raw-SSH-client PoC\n(`poc/poc_rekey_dos.rs`) implements curve25519-sha256 / ssh-ed25519 /\naes256-ctr / hmac-sha2-256 by hand, completes the handshake and a `publickey`\nauth, then:\n\n1. sends `SSH_MSG_KEXINIT` (server enters `kex.active()`),\n2. **never** sends `KEX_ECDH_INIT` (rekey stalls, attacker-held),\n3. floods `SSH_MSG_CHANNEL_OPEN`.\n\nA minimal server (`poc/poc_server.rs`) uses the **trait-default**\n`channel_open_session` (which rejects by dropping the handle), so the measured\ngrowth is purely the undrained priority queue, not accepted-channel state.\n\n`poc/run.sh` runs the attack leg and an identical **negative control** with no\nrekey. Fresh run inside the lab, `N = 800,000` opens\n(`results/rerun-2026-08-29.log`):\n\n```\n=== ATTACK (rekey stall) === (poc_server baseline_RSS=4208KB, N=800000)\n t=2s server_RSS=667760KB\n t=4s server_RSS=1599600KB\n t=6s server_RSS=2556016KB\n t=8s server_RSS=2566256KB (flood done; memory retained)\n=== CONTROL (no rekey) === (poc_server baseline_RSS=4208KB, N=800000)\n t=2s..t=12s server_RSS=4208KB (flat throughout)\n```\n\n- **ATTACK**: RSS `4,208 KB \u2192 2,566,256 KB` (~2.57 GB) and retained after the\n flood ends \u2014 ~3.3 KB per `CHANNEL_OPEN`, attacker-driven. (An earlier canonical\n run reached 2.7 GB at 800k opens, and past 4.8 GB against the stock\n `echoserver` example at 1.5 M opens \u2014 see `results/canonical-run.log`.)\n- **CONTROL**: RSS flat at `4,208 KB`. Without the rekey window the replies are\n drained normally; TCP backpressure (the client never reads the failure\n replies) even throttles the flood.\n\nThe control isolates the rekey window as the sole trigger. Both legs exercise\nthe real server entry point (`Session::run` \u2192 `reply` \u2192 `server_read_encrypted`)\nover a real encrypted transport.\n\nReproduce: `C=russh-lab N=800000 ./poc/run.sh` (see `poc/POC-README.md`).\n\n## Remediation\n\nThe priority queue carries locally generated channel-open replies, which are\nnon-kex messages the server **must not send** during a rekey anyway (RFC 4253\n\u00a77.1). So the fix is to bound how much channel work is done during a rekey, not\nto drain the queue mid-rekey. Any of:\n\n- **(recommended, minimal)** cap the number of non-kex messages processed while a\n rekey is in progress and disconnect a peer that exceeds it. A stalled/abusive\n rekey is then torn down after a small constant instead of growing memory\n without bound. See `patch/rekey-message-cap.patch` (a ~10-line change local to\n `Session::run`, validated in the lab \u2014 the attack leg is disconnected after the\n cap and RSS stays flat; a normal rekey, which completes in one round trip, is\n unaffected).\n- bound / deferred-buffer channel messages during a rekey using the existing\n (currently dead) `pending_reads`/`pending_len` machinery, with a hard cap.\n- bound the number of in-flight channel opens per connection and reject beyond it.\n\nOpenSSH does not service new channels mid-kex; matching that intent closes the\nwhole family.",
"id": "GHSA-35g8-35p8-c8fw",
"modified": "2026-09-30T23:40:43Z",
"published": "2026-09-30T23:40:43Z",
"references": [
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/security/advisories/GHSA-35g8-35p8-c8fw"
},
{
"type": "ADVISORY",
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-102821"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/commit/a282af361ac99bc76b80876d1aae128e89dbf66b"
},
{
"type": "PACKAGE",
"url": "https://github.com/Eugeny/russh"
},
{
"type": "WEB",
"url": "https://github.com/Eugeny/russh/releases/tag/v0.63.2"
}
],
"schema_version": "1.4.0",
"severity": [
{
"score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"type": "CVSS_V3"
}
],
"summary": "Russh: Unbounded memory exhaustion via CHANNEL_OPEN flood during a client-stalled rekey"
}
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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