{
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                "id": "CVE-2025-38129",
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\npage_pool: Fix use-after-free in page_pool_recycle_in_ring\n\nsyzbot reported a uaf in page_pool_recycle_in_ring:\n\nBUG: KASAN: slab-use-after-free in lock_release+0x151/0xa30 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5862\nRead of size 8 at addr ffff8880286045a0 by task syz.0.284/6943\n\nCPU: 0 UID: 0 PID: 6943 Comm: syz.0.284 Not tainted 6.13.0-rc3-syzkaller-gdfa94ce54f41 #0\nHardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 09/13/2024\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:94 [inline]\n dump_stack_lvl+0x241/0x360 lib/dump_stack.c:120\n print_address_description mm/kasan/report.c:378 [inline]\n print_report+0x169/0x550 mm/kasan/report.c:489\n kasan_report+0x143/0x180 mm/kasan/report.c:602\n lock_release+0x151/0xa30 kernel/locking/lockdep.c:5862\n __raw_spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock_api_smp.h:165 [inline]\n _raw_spin_unlock_bh+0x1b/0x40 kernel/locking/spinlock.c:210\n spin_unlock_bh include/linux/spinlock.h:396 [inline]\n ptr_ring_produce_bh include/linux/ptr_ring.h:164 [inline]\n page_pool_recycle_in_ring net/core/page_pool.c:707 [inline]\n page_pool_put_unrefed_netmem+0x748/0xb00 net/core/page_pool.c:826\n page_pool_put_netmem include/net/page_pool/helpers.h:323 [inline]\n page_pool_put_full_netmem include/net/page_pool/helpers.h:353 [inline]\n napi_pp_put_page+0x149/0x2b0 net/core/skbuff.c:1036\n skb_pp_recycle net/core/skbuff.c:1047 [inline]\n skb_free_head net/core/skbuff.c:1094 [inline]\n skb_release_data+0x6c4/0x8a0 net/core/skbuff.c:1125\n skb_release_all net/core/skbuff.c:1190 [inline]\n __kfree_skb net/core/skbuff.c:1204 [inline]\n sk_skb_reason_drop+0x1c9/0x380 net/core/skbuff.c:1242\n kfree_skb_reason include/linux/skbuff.h:1263 [inline]\n __skb_queue_purge_reason include/linux/skbuff.h:3343 [inline]\n\nroot cause is:\n\npage_pool_recycle_in_ring\n  ptr_ring_produce\n    spin_lock(\u0026r-\u003eproducer_lock);\n    WRITE_ONCE(r-\u003equeue[r-\u003eproducer++], ptr)\n      //recycle last page to pool\n\t\t\t\tpage_pool_release\n\t\t\t\t  page_pool_scrub\n\t\t\t\t    page_pool_empty_ring\n\t\t\t\t      ptr_ring_consume\n\t\t\t\t      page_pool_return_page  //release all page\n\t\t\t\t  __page_pool_destroy\n\t\t\t\t     free_percpu(pool-\u003erecycle_stats);\n\t\t\t\t     free(pool) //free\n\n     spin_unlock(\u0026r-\u003eproducer_lock); //pool-\u003ering uaf read\n  recycle_stat_inc(pool, ring);\n\npage_pool can be free while page pool recycle the last page in ring.\nAdd producer-lock barrier to page_pool_release to prevent the page\npool from being free before all pages have been recycled.\n\nrecycle_stat_inc() is empty when CONFIG_PAGE_POOL_STATS is not\nenabled, which will trigger Wempty-body build warning. Add definition\nfor pool stat macro to fix warning."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
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          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - Triggering requires local operations \u2014 creating/tearing down a page_pool-backed netdev (veth NAPI/GRO toggle, XDP detach, `ip link set down`, channel/ring reconfiguration) while freeing socket-queued skbs via close/purge syscalls. A remote peer can supply the packets that populate the pool but cannot initiate `page_pool_destroy()`, so the attack vector is local.\nAC:L - The attacker controls both sides of the race: they create the page pool, park page_pool-backed skbs on their own socket receive queue, then concurrently destroy the pool and purge the queue from another thread. Per-attempt the window is short, but it is entirely attacker-created and repeatable indefinitely (the `page_pool_release_retry` worker re-opens it every DEFER_TIME), with no condition outside the attacker\u0027s influence.\nPR:L - The producer side (`skb_release_data` \u2192 `napi_pp_put_page` \u2192 `page_pool_recycle_in_ring`) needs no privileges at all \u2014 just an ordinary socket. The destroy side needs only CAP_NET_ADMIN inside a network namespace, which any unprivileged user obtains with `unshare -Urn` to create a veth pair and toggle its NAPI/XDP state; no real root in the init namespace is required.\nUI:N - The attacking process performs the pool teardown and the skb free itself from its own threads. No victim action or cooperating process is needed.\nS:U - The freed object and the corruption both live in the host kernel\u0027s own memory; no VM, hypervisor, or IOMMU boundary is crossed.\nC:H - This is a use-after-free on a `kzalloc_node()`-allocated `struct page_pool`, which an attacker can groom and replace with a controlled slab object; the stale `pool-\u003erecycle_stats` dereference then reads attacker-influenced kernel memory, and the lockdep `lock_release` path reads the freed `dep_map`, yielding a kernel-memory disclosure primitive.\nI:H - The racing producer writes into freed memory unconditionally \u2014 `r-\u003equeue[r-\u003eproducer++]` stores a netmem pointer, `r-\u003eproducer` is incremented, and `spin_unlock_bh()` performs a store-release to the freed lock word at a fixed offset in a reallocated object. With `CONFIG_PAGE_POOL_STATS`, `recycle_stat_inc(pool, ring)` additionally increments through a pointer read out of the reallocated object, giving a near-arbitrary write usable for control-flow hijack.\nA:H - The confirmed syzbot outcome is a KASAN slab-use-after-free splat (an oops, and a panic under `panic_on_warn`/`panic_on_oops`); unpoisoned, the stray writes corrupt the slab and the recycled page ends up double-owned, readily producing kernel panics and network-stack breakage."
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        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
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      "references": [
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          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/c2c906142293931e33ef4be79ebc36c25c4e21dd"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/d69f28ef7cdafdcf37ee310f38b1399e7d05f9a8"
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        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/271683bb2cf32e5126c592b5d5e6a756fa374fd9"
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      ],
      "title": "page_pool: Fix use-after-free in page_pool_recycle_in_ring",
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  "cveMetadata": {
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    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-38129",
    "datePublished": "2025-07-03T08:35:33.728Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-04-16T04:51:23.987Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T11:59:48.021Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}

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                "id": "CVE-2025-38248",
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                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
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                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2026-06-10T20:41:11.360596Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
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          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/bridge/br_multicast.c"
          ],
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          "vendor": "Linux",
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        {
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          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/bridge/br_multicast.c"
          ],
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          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
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              "version": "5.15"
            },
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              "status": "unaffected",
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              "status": "unaffected",
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              "status": "unaffected",
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              "status": "unaffected",
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                },
                {
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        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nbridge: mcast: Fix use-after-free during router port configuration\n\nThe bridge maintains a global list of ports behind which a multicast\nrouter resides. The list is consulted during forwarding to ensure\nmulticast packets are forwarded to these ports even if the ports are not\nmember in the matching MDB entry.\n\nWhen per-VLAN multicast snooping is enabled, the per-port multicast\ncontext is disabled on each port and the port is removed from the global\nrouter port list:\n\n # ip link add name br1 up type bridge vlan_filtering 1 mcast_snooping 1\n # ip link add name dummy1 up master br1 type dummy\n # ip link set dev dummy1 type bridge_slave mcast_router 2\n $ bridge -d mdb show | grep router\n router ports on br1: dummy1\n # ip link set dev br1 type bridge mcast_vlan_snooping 1\n $ bridge -d mdb show | grep router\n\nHowever, the port can be re-added to the global list even when per-VLAN\nmulticast snooping is enabled:\n\n # ip link set dev dummy1 type bridge_slave mcast_router 0\n # ip link set dev dummy1 type bridge_slave mcast_router 2\n $ bridge -d mdb show | grep router\n router ports on br1: dummy1\n\nSince commit 4b30ae9adb04 (\"net: bridge: mcast: re-implement\nbr_multicast_{enable, disable}_port functions\"), when per-VLAN multicast\nsnooping is enabled, multicast disablement on a port will disable the\nper-{port, VLAN} multicast contexts and not the per-port one. As a\nresult, a port will remain in the global router port list even after it\nis deleted. This will lead to a use-after-free [1] when the list is\ntraversed (when adding a new port to the list, for example):\n\n # ip link del dev dummy1\n # ip link add name dummy2 up master br1 type dummy\n # ip link set dev dummy2 type bridge_slave mcast_router 2\n\nSimilarly, stale entries can also be found in the per-VLAN router port\nlist. When per-VLAN multicast snooping is disabled, the per-{port, VLAN}\ncontexts are disabled on each port and the port is removed from the\nper-VLAN router port list:\n\n # ip link add name br1 up type bridge vlan_filtering 1 mcast_snooping 1 mcast_vlan_snooping 1\n # ip link add name dummy1 up master br1 type dummy\n # bridge vlan add vid 2 dev dummy1\n # bridge vlan global set vid 2 dev br1 mcast_snooping 1\n # bridge vlan set vid 2 dev dummy1 mcast_router 2\n $ bridge vlan global show dev br1 vid 2 | grep router\n       router ports: dummy1\n # ip link set dev br1 type bridge mcast_vlan_snooping 0\n $ bridge vlan global show dev br1 vid 2 | grep router\n\nHowever, the port can be re-added to the per-VLAN list even when\nper-VLAN multicast snooping is disabled:\n\n # bridge vlan set vid 2 dev dummy1 mcast_router 0\n # bridge vlan set vid 2 dev dummy1 mcast_router 2\n $ bridge vlan global show dev br1 vid 2 | grep router\n       router ports: dummy1\n\nWhen the VLAN is deleted from the port, the per-{port, VLAN} multicast\ncontext will not be disabled since multicast snooping is not enabled\non the VLAN. As a result, the port will remain in the per-VLAN router\nport list even after it is no longer member in the VLAN. This will lead\nto a use-after-free [2] when the list is traversed (when adding a new\nport to the list, for example):\n\n # ip link add name dummy2 up master br1 type dummy\n # bridge vlan add vid 2 dev dummy2\n # bridge vlan del vid 2 dev dummy1\n # bridge vlan set vid 2 dev dummy2 mcast_router 2\n\nFix these issues by removing the port from the relevant (global or\nper-VLAN) router port list in br_multicast_port_ctx_deinit(). The\nfunction is invoked during port deletion with the per-port multicast\ncontext and during VLAN deletion with the per-{port, VLAN} multicast\ncontext.\n\nNote that deleting the multicast router timer is not enough as it only\ntakes care of the temporary multicast router states (1 or 3) and not the\npermanent one (2).\n\n[1]\nBUG: KASAN: slab-out-of-bounds in br_multicast_add_router.part.0+0x3f1/0x560\nWrite of size 8 at addr ffff888004a67328 by task ip/384\n[...]\nCall Trace:\n \u003cTASK\u003e\n dump_stack\n---truncated---"
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
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        },
        {
          "defaultStatus": "affected",
          "product": "Linux",
          "programFiles": [
            "net/sched/sch_teql.c"
          ],
          "repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
          "vendor": "Linux",
          "versions": [
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              "status": "affected",
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              "version": "0",
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            },
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              "version": "5.15.199",
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            },
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.1.162",
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            },
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.6.122",
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            },
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.12.68",
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              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.18.8",
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            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "*",
              "status": "unaffected",
              "version": "6.19",
              "versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
            }
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        }
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      "cpeApplicability": [
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          "nodes": [
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                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
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                  "vulnerable": true
                },
                {
                  "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
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              "negate": false,
              "operator": "OR"
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      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnet/sched: Enforce that teql can only be used as root qdisc\n\nDesign intent of teql is that it is only supposed to be used as root qdisc.\nWe need to check for that constraint.\n\nAlthough not important, I will describe the scenario that unearthed this\nissue for the curious.\n\nGangMin Kim \u003ckm.kim1503@gmail.com\u003e managed to concot a scenario as follows:\n\nROOT qdisc 1:0 (QFQ)\n  \u251c\u2500\u2500 class 1:1 (weight=15, lmax=16384) netem with delay 6.4s\n  \u2514\u2500\u2500 class 1:2 (weight=1, lmax=1514) teql\n\nGangMin sends a packet which is enqueued to 1:1 (netem).\nAny invocation of dequeue by QFQ from this class will not return a packet\nuntil after 6.4s. In the meantime, a second packet is sent and it lands on\n1:2. teql\u0027s enqueue will return success and this will activate class 1:2.\nMain issue is that teql only updates the parent visible qlen (sch-\u003eq.qlen)\nat dequeue. Since QFQ will only call dequeue if peek succeeds (and teql\u0027s\npeek always returns NULL), dequeue will never be called and thus the qlen\nwill remain as 0. With that in mind, when GangMin updates 1:2\u0027s lmax value,\nthe qfq_change_class calls qfq_deact_rm_from_agg. Since the child qdisc\u0027s\nqlen was not incremented, qfq fails to deactivate the class, but still\nfrees its pointers from the aggregate. So when the first packet is\nrescheduled after 6.4 seconds (netem\u0027s delay), a dangling pointer is\naccessed causing GangMin\u0027s causing a UAF."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "AV:L - This vulnerability is exploited via tc/netlink (RTM_NEWQDISC) to configure qdiscs, which requires local access through the netlink socket interface.\nAC:L - The attacker controls the entire setup: creating the QFQ root with teql child, sending packets, and triggering the class change after netem delay. All sides of the race are attacker-controlled, making exploitation reliable.\nPR:L - Configuring qdiscs requires CAP_NET_ADMIN, but netlink_net_capable() checks against the network namespace\u0027s user_ns, so an unprivileged user can obtain this capability via user namespaces (unshare -Urn).\nUI:N - No user interaction is required; the attacker sets up the qdisc hierarchy, sends packets, and triggers the UAF entirely on their own.\nS:U - The vulnerability results in kernel memory corruption within the same security context (kernel space). There is no crossing of a virtualization or sandbox boundary.\nC:H - The use-after-free allows the attacker to control freed object contents via heap spraying, enabling arbitrary kernel memory reads.\nI:H - The use-after-free enables heap spraying and arbitrary write primitives, which can be leveraged for control flow hijacking and kernel code execution.\nA:H - The use-after-free causes kernel crashes (accessing dangling pointers) and can result in kernel panics, providing high availability impact."
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2026-08-05T12:20:12.038Z",
        "orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
        "shortName": "Linux"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/73d970ff0eddd874a84c953387c7f4464b705fc6"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ae810e6a8ac4fe25042e6825d2a401207a2e41fb"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/dad49a67c2d817bfec98e6e45121b351e3a0202c"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/0686bedfed34155520f3f735cbf3210cb9044380"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c7e8aa71c9232cba84c289b4b56cba80b280841"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/16ed73c1282d376b956bff23e5139add061767ba"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/50da4b9d07a7a463e2cfb738f3ad4cff6b2c9c3b"
        }
      ],
      "title": "net/sched: Enforce that teql can only be used as root qdisc",
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  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
    "assignerShortName": "Linux",
    "cveId": "CVE-2026-23074",
    "datePublished": "2026-02-04T16:07:59.379Z",
    "dateReserved": "2026-01-13T15:37:45.958Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-09-17T12:04:36.882Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2"
}