VAR-202209-1971
Vulnerability from variot - Updated: 2023-12-18 13:27A vulnerability in the 802.11 association frame validation of Cisco Catalyst 9100 Series Access Points (APs) could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of certain parameters within association request frames received by the AP. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted 802.11 association request to a nearby device. An exploit could allow the attacker to unexpectedly reload the device, resulting in a DoS condition. Cisco Catalyst 9800-L firmware, Cisco Catalyst 9800-40 firmware, Cisco Catalyst 9800-80 Multiple Cisco Systems products, including firmware, contain vulnerabilities related to input validation.Service operation interruption (DoS) It may be in a state.
A denial of service vulnerability exists in the Cisco Catalyst 9100 Series
Show details on source website{
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/VARIoTentry#",
"affected_products": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/affected_products"
},
"configurations": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/configurations"
},
"credits": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/credits"
},
"cvss": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/"
},
"description": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/description/"
},
"exploit_availability": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/exploit_availability/"
},
"external_ids": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/external_ids/"
},
"iot": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/iot/"
},
"iot_taxonomy": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/iot_taxonomy/"
},
"patch": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/patch/"
},
"problemtype_data": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/problemtype_data/"
},
"references": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/references/"
},
"sources": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources/"
},
"sources_release_date": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_release_date/"
},
"sources_update_date": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_update_date/"
},
"threat_type": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/threat_type/"
},
"title": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/title/"
},
"type": {
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/type/"
}
},
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/vuln/VAR-202209-1971",
"affected_products": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/affected_products#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
},
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources"
}
},
"data": [
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-l",
"scope": "gte",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-cl",
"scope": "lt",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6.4"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-40",
"scope": "gte",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-40",
"scope": "lt",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6.4"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-l",
"scope": "lt",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6.4"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-cl",
"scope": "gte",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-80",
"scope": "gte",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-80",
"scope": "lt",
"trust": 1.0,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6.4"
},
{
"model": "cisco catalyst 9800-l \u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba",
"scope": null,
"trust": 0.8,
"vendor": "\u30b7\u30b9\u30b3\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u30ba",
"version": null
},
{
"model": "cisco catalyst 9800-cl \u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba",
"scope": null,
"trust": 0.8,
"vendor": "\u30b7\u30b9\u30b3\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u30ba",
"version": null
},
{
"model": "cisco catalyst 9800-80 \u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba",
"scope": null,
"trust": 0.8,
"vendor": "\u30b7\u30b9\u30b3\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u30ba",
"version": null
},
{
"model": "cisco catalyst 9800-40 \u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba",
"scope": null,
"trust": 0.8,
"vendor": "\u30b7\u30b9\u30b3\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u30ba",
"version": null
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-l",
"scope": "gte",
"trust": 0.6,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6,\u003c17.6.4"
},
{
"model": "catalyst",
"scope": "eq",
"trust": 0.6,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "9800-40\u003e=17.6,\u003c17.6.4"
},
{
"model": "catalyst",
"scope": "eq",
"trust": 0.6,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "9800-80\u003e=17.6,\u003c17.6.4"
},
{
"model": "catalyst 9800-cl",
"scope": "gte",
"trust": 0.6,
"vendor": "cisco",
"version": "17.6,\u003c17.6.4"
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
}
]
},
"configurations": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/configurations#",
"children": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"cpe_match": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"nodes": {
"@container": "@list"
}
},
"data": [
{
"CVE_data_version": "4.0",
"nodes": [
{
"children": [
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:o:cisco:catalyst_9800-l_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"versionEndExcluding": "17.6.4",
"versionStartIncluding": "17.6",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"operator": "OR"
},
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:h:cisco:catalyst_9800-l:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"vulnerable": false
}
],
"operator": "OR"
}
],
"cpe_match": [],
"operator": "AND"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:o:cisco:catalyst_9800-40_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"versionEndExcluding": "17.6.4",
"versionStartIncluding": "17.6",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"operator": "OR"
},
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:h:cisco:catalyst_9800-40:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"vulnerable": false
}
],
"operator": "OR"
}
],
"cpe_match": [],
"operator": "AND"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:o:cisco:catalyst_9800-80_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"versionEndExcluding": "17.6.4",
"versionStartIncluding": "17.6",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"operator": "OR"
},
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:h:cisco:catalyst_9800-80:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"vulnerable": false
}
],
"operator": "OR"
}
],
"cpe_match": [],
"operator": "AND"
},
{
"children": [
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:o:cisco:catalyst_9800-cl_firmware:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"versionEndExcluding": "17.6.4",
"versionStartIncluding": "17.6",
"vulnerable": true
}
],
"operator": "OR"
},
{
"children": [],
"cpe_match": [
{
"cpe23Uri": "cpe:2.3:h:cisco:catalyst_9800-cl:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
"cpe_name": [],
"vulnerable": false
}
],
"operator": "OR"
}
],
"cpe_match": [],
"operator": "AND"
}
]
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
}
]
},
"cve": "CVE-2022-20945",
"cvss": {
"@context": {
"cvssV2": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV2#"
},
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV2"
},
"cvssV3": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV3#"
},
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/cvssV3/"
},
"severity": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/cvss/severity#"
},
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/cvss/severity"
},
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
},
"@id": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources"
}
},
"data": [
{
"cvssV2": [
{
"accessComplexity": "LOW",
"accessVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
"authentication": "NONE",
"author": "CNVD",
"availabilityImpact": "COMPLETE",
"baseScore": 6.1,
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"exploitabilityScore": 6.5,
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179",
"impactScore": 6.9,
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"severity": "MEDIUM",
"trust": 0.6,
"vectorString": "AV:A/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:C",
"version": "2.0"
}
],
"cvssV3": [
{
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
"author": "NVD",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 6.5,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
"impactScore": 3.6,
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "UNCHANGED",
"trust": 1.0,
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
{
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "ADJACENT_NETWORK",
"author": "ykramarz@cisco.com",
"availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
"baseScore": 7.4,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
"exploitabilityScore": 2.8,
"impactScore": 4.0,
"integrityImpact": "NONE",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"trust": 1.0,
"userInteraction": "NONE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
},
{
"attackComplexity": "Low",
"attackVector": "Adjacent Network",
"author": "NVD",
"availabilityImpact": "High",
"baseScore": 6.5,
"baseSeverity": "Medium",
"confidentialityImpact": "None",
"exploitabilityScore": null,
"id": "CVE-2022-20945",
"impactScore": null,
"integrityImpact": "None",
"privilegesRequired": "None",
"scope": "Unchanged",
"trust": 0.8,
"userInteraction": "None",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:A/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
"version": "3.0"
}
],
"severity": [
{
"author": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945",
"trust": 1.8,
"value": "MEDIUM"
},
{
"author": "ykramarz@cisco.com",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945",
"trust": 1.0,
"value": "HIGH"
},
{
"author": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179",
"trust": 0.6,
"value": "MEDIUM"
},
{
"author": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872",
"trust": 0.6,
"value": "MEDIUM"
}
]
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
]
},
"description": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/description#",
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": "A vulnerability in the 802.11 association frame validation of Cisco Catalyst 9100 Series Access Points (APs) could allow an unauthenticated, adjacent attacker to cause a denial of service (DoS) condition on an affected device. This vulnerability is due to insufficient input validation of certain parameters within association request frames received by the AP. An attacker could exploit this vulnerability by sending a crafted 802.11 association request to a nearby device. An exploit could allow the attacker to unexpectedly reload the device, resulting in a DoS condition. Cisco Catalyst 9800-L firmware, Cisco Catalyst 9800-40 firmware, Cisco Catalyst 9800-80 Multiple Cisco Systems products, including firmware, contain vulnerabilities related to input validation.Service operation interruption (DoS) It may be in a state. \n\r\n\r\nA denial of service vulnerability exists in the Cisco Catalyst 9100 Series",
"sources": [
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
}
],
"trust": 2.25
},
"external_ids": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/external_ids#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": [
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945",
"trust": 3.9
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199",
"trust": 0.8
},
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179",
"trust": 0.6
},
{
"db": "AUSCERT",
"id": "ESB-2022.4811",
"trust": 0.6
},
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872",
"trust": 0.6
},
{
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945",
"trust": 0.1
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
]
},
"id": "VAR-202209-1971",
"iot": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/iot#",
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": true,
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
}
],
"trust": 1.2574505
},
"iot_taxonomy": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/iot_taxonomy#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": [
{
"category": [
"Network device"
],
"sub_category": null,
"trust": 0.6
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
}
]
},
"last_update_date": "2023-12-18T13:27:01.924000Z",
"patch": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/patch#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": [
{
"title": "cisco-sa-ap-assoc-dos-EgVqtON8",
"trust": 0.8,
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/ciscosecurityadvisory/cisco-sa-ap-assoc-dos-egvqton8"
},
{
"title": "Patch for Cisco Catalyst 9100 Series Denial of Service Vulnerability",
"trust": 0.6,
"url": "https://www.cnvd.org.cn/patchinfo/show/372466"
},
{
"title": "Cisco Catalyst Enter the fix for the verification error vulnerability",
"trust": 0.6,
"url": "http://123.124.177.30/web/xxk/bdxqbyid.tag?id=209686"
},
{
"title": "Cisco: Cisco Catalyst 9100 Series Access Points Association Request Denial of Service Vulnerability",
"trust": 0.1,
"url": "https://vulmon.com/vendoradvisory?qidtp=cisco_security_advisories_and_alerts_ciscoproducts\u0026qid=cisco-sa-ap-assoc-dos-egvqton8"
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
]
},
"problemtype_data": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/problemtype_data#",
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": [
{
"problemtype": "CWE-20",
"trust": 1.0
},
{
"problemtype": "Inappropriate input confirmation (CWE-20) [NVD evaluation ]",
"trust": 0.8
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
}
]
},
"references": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/references#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
},
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": [
{
"trust": 2.4,
"url": "https://tools.cisco.com/security/center/content/ciscosecurityadvisory/cisco-sa-ap-assoc-dos-egvqton8"
},
{
"trust": 1.2,
"url": "https://vigilance.fr/vulnerability/cisco-catalyst-9100-denial-of-service-via-association-request-39404"
},
{
"trust": 0.8,
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/cve-2022-20945"
},
{
"trust": 0.6,
"url": "https://cxsecurity.com/cveshow/cve-2022-20945/"
},
{
"trust": 0.6,
"url": "https://www.auscert.org.au/bulletins/esb-2022.4811"
},
{
"trust": 0.1,
"url": "https://nvd.nist.gov"
}
],
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
]
},
"sources": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
}
},
"data": [
{
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
]
},
"sources_release_date": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_release_date#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
}
},
"data": [
{
"date": "2022-12-15T00:00:00",
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"date": "2022-09-30T00:00:00",
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"date": "2023-10-19T00:00:00",
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"date": "2022-09-30T19:15:13.770000",
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"date": "2022-09-28T00:00:00",
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
]
},
"sources_update_date": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources_update_date#",
"data": {
"@container": "@list"
}
},
"data": [
{
"date": "2022-12-18T00:00:00",
"db": "CNVD",
"id": "CNVD-2022-88179"
},
{
"date": "2022-09-30T00:00:00",
"db": "VULMON",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"date": "2023-10-19T02:30:00",
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
},
{
"date": "2023-11-07T03:43:22.547000",
"db": "NVD",
"id": "CVE-2022-20945"
},
{
"date": "2022-10-08T00:00:00",
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
]
},
"threat_type": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/threat_type#",
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": "remote or local",
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
],
"trust": 0.6
},
"title": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/title#",
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": "Input validation vulnerability in multiple Cisco Systems products",
"sources": [
{
"db": "JVNDB",
"id": "JVNDB-2022-018199"
}
],
"trust": 0.8
},
"type": {
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/type#",
"sources": {
"@container": "@list",
"@context": {
"@vocab": "https://www.variotdbs.pl/ref/sources#"
}
}
},
"data": "input validation error",
"sources": [
{
"db": "CNNVD",
"id": "CNNVD-202209-2872"
}
],
"trust": 0.6
}
}
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.