Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-367
AllowedTime-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product checks the state of a resource before using that resource, but the resource's state can change between the check and the use in a way that invalidates the results of the check.
1284 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-2638 (GCVE-0-2026-2638)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-09 11:21 – Updated: 2026-06-09 13:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
X-VPN macOS website versions - Local Privilege Escalation
Summary
A vulnerability in the quarantine and restore workflow of the X-VPN macOS website versions 77.0 through 77.5 allow a local attacker to leverage a race condition and symlink manipulation to achieve privileged file corruption.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-06-09 12:59 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://fluidattacks.com/es/advisories/soad | third-party-advisory |
| https://xvpn.io/resources/statement-local-privile… | vendor-advisory |
| https://xvpn.io/download/vpn-mac | patch |
| https://xvpn.io/ | product |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| X-VPN | X-VPN macOS website |
Affected:
77.0 , ≤ 77.5
(custom)
cpe:2.3:a:x-vpn:x-vpn_macos_website:*:*:macos:*:*:*:*:* |
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CVE-2026-2364 (GCVE-0-2026-2364)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-03-10 07:22 – Updated: 2026-03-10 16:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
CODESYS Installer TOCTOU Privilege Escalation
Summary
If a legitimate user confirms a self-update prompt or initiate an installation of a CODESYS Development System, a low privileged local attacker can gain elevated rights due to a TOCTOU vulnerability in the CODESYS installer.
Severity
7.3 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-03-10 15:39 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CODESYS | CODESYS Installer |
Affected:
0.0.0 , < 2.6.1.0
(semver)
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CVE-2026-1880 (GCVE-0-2026-1880)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-16 02:00 – Updated: 2026-09-17 08:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource vulnerability in the ASUS DriverHub update process allows privilege escalation due to improper protection of required execution resources during the validation phase, permitting a local user to make unprivileged modifications. This allows the altered resource to pass system checks and be executed with elevated privileges upon a user-initiated update.
Refer to the 'Security Update for ASUS DriverHub' section on the ASUS Security Advisory for more information.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-04-16 12:22 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-1035 (GCVE-0-2026-1035)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-21 05:52 – Updated: 2026-04-02 16:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Org.keycloak.protocol.oidc: keycloak refresh token reuse bypass via toctou race condition
Summary
A flaw was found in the Keycloak server during refresh token processing, specifically in the TokenManager class responsible for enforcing refresh token reuse policies. When strict refresh token rotation is enabled, the validation and update of refresh token usage are not performed atomically. This allows concurrent refresh requests to bypass single-use enforcement and issue multiple access tokens from the same refresh token. As a result, Keycloak’s refresh token rotation hardening can be undermined.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-01-21 14:37 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6477 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6478 | vendor-advisoryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-1035 | vdb-entryx_refsource_REDHAT |
| https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2430314 | issue-trackingx_refsource_REDHAT |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4 |
Unaffected:
26.4.11-1 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4 |
Unaffected:
26.4-14 , < *
(rpm)
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9 |
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat build of Keycloak 26.4.11 |
cpe:/a:redhat:build_keycloak:26.4::el9
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform 8 |
cpe:/a:redhat:jboss_enterprise_application_platform:8
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Expansion Pack |
cpe:/a:redhat:jbosseapxp
|
|
| Red Hat | Red Hat Single Sign-On 7 |
cpe:/a:redhat:red_hat_single_sign_on:7
|
Date Public
2026-01-21 00:00
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CVE-2026-0924 (GCVE-0-2026-0924)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-02 20:18 – Updated: 2026-04-21 02:40
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
BuhoCleaner 1.15.2 - Local Privilege Escalation via PID reuse attack
Summary
BuhoCleaner contains an insecure XPC service that allows local, unprivileged users to escalate their privileges to root via insecure functions.This issue affects BuhoCleaner: 1.15.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-02-03 15:04 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://fluidattacks.com/advisories/solstafir | third-party-advisory |
| https://www.drbuho.com/buhocleaner | product |
| https://www.drbuho.com/buhocleaner/download | patch |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dr.Buho | BuhoCleaner |
Affected:
1.15.2
cpe:2.3:a:dr.buho:buhocleaner:1.15.2:*:macos:*:*:*:*:* |
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GCVE-1988-2026-0351
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-11 07:55 – Updated: 2026-09-11 07:55
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
pwnlift: symlink following and TOCTOU in privileged upload handler allow arbitrary file write as root
Summary
1. Advisory information
-----------------------
Title: Symlink following and TOCTOU in pwnlift upload handler allow arbitrary file write as root
Advisory: https://github.com/GregDurys/security-advisories
GHSA: GHSA-2v7v-rhpw-m9w4
CVE: CVE-2026-56815
Class: CWE-59 (Improper Link Resolution Before File Access),
CWE-367 (Time-of-check Time-of-use Race Condition)
CVSS: 7.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Date: 2026-06-27
Author: Greg Durys <https://github.com/GregDurys>
2. Affected software
--------------------
Project: pwnlift
Repository: https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift
Runtime: .NET / Blazor (ASP.NET Core, Kestrel)
Component: pwnlift/Components/Pages/Home.razor
Tested: commit 211f2b3 (2025-08-29)
Fix: d7a95449d9ee1ea09ec1529286685f6187afbbed (merged 2026-06-18),
(initial remediation e3eddac addresses CWE-59 but not CWE-367)
3. Testing scope
----------------
All exploitation testing was performed in a local testbed. The known
affected downstream lab deployment has been mitigated by removing the
privileged sudo entry. The upstream follow-up fix has been merged.
4. Summary
----------
pwnlift is a small .NET/Blazor file upload server. Its upload handler
constructs the destination path from the caller's working directory
(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()) and writes uploaded files without
validating symlinks, canonicalising paths, or sanitising filenames.
When pwnlift runs as root via sudo without a cwd= directive, a local
user can exploit this in two ways:
(a) Symlink following (CWE-59): pre-stage an Uploads symlink
pointing at a privileged directory. The elevated process follows
the symlink and writes uploaded files into the target.
(b) TOCTOU bypass of initial fix (CWE-367): the initial fix added
a ReparsePoint check and StartsWith containment. Because the
destination is still caller-controlled, a race script alternates
Uploads between a real directory (passes the check) and a symlink
(catches the write). The StartsWith check has a separate flaw:
prefix matching without a trailing separator means
/tmp/Uploads-evil passes StartsWith("/tmp/Uploads").
Both variants achieve arbitrary file write as root. For example,
writing to a privileged configuration path such as /etc/sudoers.d/
can grant the attacker full passwordless sudo.
5. Remediation
--------------
Replace Directory.GetCurrentDirectory() with AppContext.BaseDirectory.
Enforce path containment with Path.GetRelativePath rather than
StartsWith. Retain the ReparsePoint check as defence in depth. Ensure
the application directory and Uploads are root-owned and not writable
by lower-privileged users. If Uploads already exists as a symlink,
remove and recreate it as a real directory before applying ownership
changes.
6. Disclosure timeline
----------------------
2026-04-30 Privileged deployment observed during normal lab usage
2026-05-07 Initial contact with upstream maintainer
2026-05-08 Reproduced end-to-end in local testbed; reported to upstream maintainer and downstream deployment operator
2026-05-12 Initial fix committed upstream (e3eddac) with reporter credit
2026-05-19 Downstream operator declined CVE on CNA scope grounds
2026-05-20 TOCTOU bypass reproduced and reported to maintainer
2026-05-28 Downstream operator confirmed lab patched, sudo removed
2026-05-30 CVE requested via GHSA
2026-06-09 GitHub rejected CVE request
2026-06-09 GHSA re-review requested
2026-06-15 CVE request submitted to MITRE
2026-06-18 Follow-up fix merged upstream; CVE re-requested via GHSA
2026-06-19 GitHub rejected second CVE request
2026-06-22 GHSA advisory published without a CVE
2026-06-23 Advisory posted to oss-security
2026-06-23 MITRE assigned CVE-2026-56815
7. Current status
-----------------
Downstream deployment: patched (sudo entry removed, 28 May 2026)
Upstream final fix: merged (d7a9544, 18 June 2026)
CVE: CVE-2026-56815 (assigned by MITRE, 23 June 2026)
8. References
-------------
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift/commit/e3eddaca42b4b3e9c69f2d7aa024b6c82e27a5a2
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift/commit/d7a95449d9ee1ea09ec1529286685f6187afbbed
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift/security/advisories/GHSA-2v7v-rhpw-m9w4
- https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/23/2
- https://github.com/GregDurys/security-advisories
- https://payloadforge.io/beyond-crto-pwnlift/
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
Assigner
References
12 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | pwnlift symlink following |
Affected:
unknown
|
Relationships
reference
GCVE-1988-2026-0351 (this record)
- related CVE-2026-56815
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GCVE-1988-2026-0095
Vulnerability from gna-1988 – Published: 2026-09-07 13:20 – Updated: 2026-09-07 13:20
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
pwnlift: symlink following and TOCTOU in privileged upload handler allow arbitrary file write as root
Summary
1. Advisory information
-----------------------
Title: Symlink following and TOCTOU in pwnlift upload handler allow arbitrary file write as root
Advisory: https://github.com/GregDurys/security-advisories
GHSA: GHSA-2v7v-rhpw-m9w4
CVE: CVE-2026-56815
Class: CWE-59 (Improper Link Resolution Before File Access),
CWE-367 (Time-of-check Time-of-use Race Condition)
CVSS: 7.8 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
Date: 2026-06-27
Author: Greg Durys <https://github.com/GregDurys>
2. Affected software
--------------------
Project: pwnlift
Repository: https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift
Runtime: .NET / Blazor (ASP.NET Core, Kestrel)
Component: pwnlift/Components/Pages/Home.razor
Tested: commit 211f2b3 (2025-08-29)
Fix: d7a95449d9ee1ea09ec1529286685f6187afbbed (merged 2026-06-18),
(initial remediation e3eddac addresses CWE-59 but not CWE-367)
3. Testing scope
----------------
All exploitation testing was performed in a local testbed. The known
affected downstream lab deployment has been mitigated by removing the
privileged sudo entry. The upstream follow-up fix has been merged.
4. Summary
----------
pwnlift is a small .NET/Blazor file upload server. Its upload handler
constructs the destination path from the caller's working directory
(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory()) and writes uploaded files without
validating symlinks, canonicalising paths, or sanitising filenames.
When pwnlift runs as root via sudo without a cwd= directive, a local
user can exploit this in two ways:
(a) Symlink following (CWE-59): pre-stage an Uploads symlink
pointing at a privileged directory. The elevated process follows
the symlink and writes uploaded files into the target.
(b) TOCTOU bypass of initial fix (CWE-367): the initial fix added
a ReparsePoint check and StartsWith containment. Because the
destination is still caller-controlled, a race script alternates
Uploads between a real directory (passes the check) and a symlink
(catches the write). The StartsWith check has a separate flaw:
prefix matching without a trailing separator means
/tmp/Uploads-evil passes StartsWith("/tmp/Uploads").
Both variants achieve arbitrary file write as root. For example,
writing to a privileged configuration path such as /etc/sudoers.d/
can grant the attacker full passwordless sudo.
5. Remediation
--------------
Replace Directory.GetCurrentDirectory() with AppContext.BaseDirectory.
Enforce path containment with Path.GetRelativePath rather than
StartsWith. Retain the ReparsePoint check as defence in depth. Ensure
the application directory and Uploads are root-owned and not writable
by lower-privileged users. If Uploads already exists as a symlink,
remove and recreate it as a real directory before applying ownership
changes.
6. Disclosure timeline
----------------------
2026-04-30 Privileged deployment observed during normal lab usage
2026-05-07 Initial contact with upstream maintainer
2026-05-08 Reproduced end-to-end in local testbed; reported to upstream maintainer and downstream deployment operator
2026-05-12 Initial fix committed upstream (e3eddac) with reporter credit
2026-05-19 Downstream operator declined CVE on CNA scope grounds
2026-05-20 TOCTOU bypass reproduced and reported to maintainer
2026-05-28 Downstream operator confirmed lab patched, sudo removed
2026-05-30 CVE requested via GHSA
2026-06-09 GitHub rejected CVE request
2026-06-09 GHSA re-review requested
2026-06-15 CVE request submitted to MITRE
2026-06-18 Follow-up fix merged upstream; CVE re-requested via GHSA
2026-06-19 GitHub rejected second CVE request
2026-06-22 GHSA advisory published without a CVE
2026-06-23 Advisory posted to oss-security
2026-06-23 MITRE assigned CVE-2026-56815
7. Current status
-----------------
Downstream deployment: patched (sudo entry removed, 28 May 2026)
Upstream final fix: merged (d7a9544, 18 June 2026)
CVE: CVE-2026-56815 (assigned by MITRE, 23 June 2026)
8. References
-------------
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift/commit/e3eddaca42b4b3e9c69f2d7aa024b6c82e27a5a2
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift/commit/d7a95449d9ee1ea09ec1529286685f6187afbbed
- https://github.com/rasta-mouse/pwnlift/security/advisories/GHSA-2v7v-rhpw-m9w4
- https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/06/23/2
- https://github.com/GregDurys/security-advisories
- https://payloadforge.io/beyond-crto-pwnlift/
_______________________________________________
Sent through the Full Disclosure mailing list
https://nmap.org/mailman/listinfo/fulldisclosure
Web Archives & RSS: https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/
Severity
No CVSS data available.
Assigner
References
12 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| unknown | pwnlift symlink following |
Affected:
unknown
|
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CVE-2025-69233 (GCVE-0-2025-69233)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 12:19 – Updated: 2026-05-09 06:43
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Apache CloudStack: Domain/account resources limits not honored
Summary
Due to multiple time-of-check time-of-use race conditions in the resource count check and increment logic, as well as missing validations, users of the platform are able to exceed the allocation limits configured for their accounts/domains. This can be used by an attacker to degrade the infrastructure's resources and lead to denial of service conditions.
Users are recommended to upgrade to Apache CloudStack versions 4.20.3.0 or 4.22.0.1, or later, which fixes this issue.
Severity
6.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2026-05-08 13:55 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
2 references
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apache Software Foundation | Apache CloudStack |
Affected:
4.0.0 , ≤ 4.20.2.0
(semver)
Affected: 4.21.0.0 , ≤ 4.22.0.0 (semver) |
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CVE-2025-69211 (GCVE-0-2025-69211)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-29 16:01 – Updated: 2025-12-29 16:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Nest has a Fastify URL Encoding Middleware Bypass (TOCTOU)
Summary
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Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-29 16:49 UTC
CWE
- CWE-367 - Time-of-check Time-of-use (TOCTOU) Race Condition
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nestjs/nest/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nestjs/nest/commit/c4cedda15a0… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-68146 (GCVE-0-2025-68146)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-16 18:10 – Updated: 2025-12-17 18:51
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
filelock has TOCTOU race condition that allows symlink attacks during lock file creation
Summary
filelock is a platform-independent file lock for Python. In versions prior to 3.20.1, a Time-of-Check-Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) race condition allows local attackers to corrupt or truncate arbitrary user files through symlink attacks. The vulnerability exists in both Unix and Windows lock file creation where filelock checks if a file exists before opening it with O_TRUNC. An attacker can create a symlink pointing to a victim file in the time gap between the check and open, causing os.open() to follow the symlink and truncate the target file. All users of filelock on Unix, Linux, macOS, and Windows systems are impacted. The vulnerability cascades to dependent libraries. The attack requires local filesystem access and ability to create symlinks (standard user permissions on Unix; Developer Mode on Windows 10+). Exploitation succeeds within 1-3 attempts when lock file paths are predictable. The issue is fixed in version 3.20.1. If immediate upgrade is not possible, use SoftFileLock instead of UnixFileLock/WindowsFileLock (note: different locking semantics, may not be suitable for all use cases); ensure lock file directories have restrictive permissions (chmod 0700) to prevent untrusted users from creating symlinks; and/or monitor lock file directories for suspicious symlinks before running trusted applications. These workarounds provide only partial mitigation. The race condition remains exploitable. Upgrading to version 3.20.1 is strongly recommended.
Severity
6.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-12-17 14:51 UTC
CWE
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/tox-dev/filelock/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/tox-dev/filelock/pull/461 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tox-dev/filelock/commit/4724d7… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/tox-dev/filelock/releases/tag/3.20.1 | x_refsource_MISC |
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Mitigation
Implementation
The most basic advice for TOCTOU vulnerabilities is to not perform a check before the use. This does not resolve the underlying issue of the execution of a function on a resource whose state and identity cannot be assured, but it does help to limit the false sense of security given by the check.
Mitigation
Implementation
When the file being altered is owned by the current user and group, set the effective gid and uid to that of the current user and group when executing this statement.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Limit the interleaving of operations on files from multiple processes.
Mitigation
Implementation
Architecture and Design
If you cannot perform operations atomically and you must share access to the resource between multiple processes or threads, then try to limit the amount of time (CPU cycles) between the check and use of the resource. This will not fix the problem, but it could make it more difficult for an attack to succeed.
Mitigation
Implementation
Recheck the resource after the use call to verify that the action was taken appropriately.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that some environmental locking mechanism can be used to protect resources effectively.
Mitigation
Implementation
Ensure that locking occurs before the check, as opposed to afterwards, such that the resource, as checked, is the same as it is when in use.
CAPEC-27: Leveraging Race Conditions via Symbolic Links
This attack leverages the use of symbolic links (Symlinks) in order to write to sensitive files. An attacker can create a Symlink link to a target file not otherwise accessible to them. When the privileged program tries to create a temporary file with the same name as the Symlink link, it will actually write to the target file pointed to by the attackers' Symlink link. If the attacker can insert malicious content in the temporary file they will be writing to the sensitive file by using the Symlink. The race occurs because the system checks if the temporary file exists, then creates the file. The attacker would typically create the Symlink during the interval between the check and the creation of the temporary file.
CAPEC-29: Leveraging Time-of-Check and Time-of-Use (TOCTOU) Race Conditions
This attack targets a race condition occurring between the time of check (state) for a resource and the time of use of a resource. A typical example is file access. The adversary can leverage a file access race condition by "running the race", meaning that they would modify the resource between the first time the target program accesses the file and the time the target program uses the file. During that period of time, the adversary could replace or modify the file, causing the application to behave unexpectedly.