Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-444
AllowedInconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Incomplete
The product acts as an intermediary HTTP agent (such as a proxy or firewall) in the data flow between two entities such as a client and server, but it does not interpret malformed HTTP requests or responses in ways that are consistent with how the messages will be processed by those entities that are at the ultimate destination.
550 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2025-58056 (GCVE-0-2025-58056)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-03 20:56 – Updated: 2025-09-05 18:41
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Netty is vulnerable to request smuggling due to incorrect parsing of chunk extensions
Summary
Netty is an asynchronous event-driven network application framework for development of maintainable high performance protocol servers and clients. In versions 4.1.124.Final, and 4.2.0.Alpha3 through 4.2.4.Final, Netty incorrectly accepts standalone newline characters (LF) as a chunk-size line terminator, regardless of a preceding carriage return (CR), instead of requiring CRLF per HTTP/1.1 standards. When combined with reverse proxies that parse LF differently (treating it as part of the chunk extension), attackers can craft requests that the proxy sees as one request but Netty processes as two, enabling request smuggling attacks. This is fixed in versions 4.1.125.Final and 4.2.5.Final.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
7 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/netty/netty/security/advisorie… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/JLLeitschuh/unCVEed/issues/1 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/netty/netty/issues/15522 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/netty/netty/pull/15611 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/netty/netty/commit/edb55fd8e0a… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#nam… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://w4ke.info/2025/06/18/funky-chunks.html | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-55315 (GCVE-0-2025-55315)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-14 17:00 – Updated: 2026-02-22 17:24
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
ASP.NET Security Feature Bypass Vulnerability
Summary
Inconsistent interpretation of http requests ('http request/response smuggling') in ASP.NET Core allows an authorized attacker to bypass a security feature over a network.
Severity
9.9 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://msrc.microsoft.com/update-guide/vulnerabi… | vendor-advisorypatch |
| https://gist.github.com/N3mes1s/d0897c13ca199e739… | exploit |
| https://andrewlock.net/understanding-the-worst-do… |
Impacted products
6 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Microsoft | ASP.NET Core 2.3 |
Affected:
2.3 , < 2.3.6
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | ASP.NET Core 8.0 |
Affected:
8.0 , < 8.0.21
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | ASP.NET Core 9.0 |
Affected:
9.0 , < 9.0.10
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 version 17.10 |
Affected:
17.10.0 , < 17.10.20
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 version 17.12 |
Affected:
17.12.0 , < 17.12.13
(custom)
|
|
| Microsoft | Microsoft Visual Studio 2022 version 17.14 |
Affected:
17.14.0 , < 17.14.17
(custom)
|
Date Public
2025-10-14 14:00
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CVE-2025-55018 (GCVE-0-2025-55018)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-02-10 15:39 – Updated: 2026-05-12 12:08
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
An inconsistent interpretation of http requests ('http request smuggling') vulnerability in Fortinet FortiOS 7.6.0, FortiOS 7.4.0 through 7.4.9, FortiOS 7.2 all versions, FortiOS 7.0 all versions, FortiOS 6.4.3 through 6.4.16 may allow an unauthenticated attacker to smuggle an unlogged http request through the firewall policies via a specially crafted header
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
Impacted products
2 products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fortinet | FortiOS |
Affected:
7.6.0
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|
| Siemens | RUGGEDCOM APE1808 |
Affected:
0 , < *
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-54142 (GCVE-0-2025-54142)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-29 00:00 – Updated: 2025-08-29 14:27
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Akamai Ghost before 2025-07-21 allows HTTP Request Smuggling via an OPTIONS request that has an entity body, because there can be a subsequent request within the persistent connection between an Akamai proxy server and an origin server, if the origin server violates certain Internet standards.
Severity
4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Akamai | AkamaiGhost |
Affected:
0 , < 2025-07-21
(custom)
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CVE-2025-53643 (GCVE-0-2025-53643)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-14 20:17 – Updated: 2025-07-15 19:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
AIOHTTP is vulnerable to HTTP Request/Response Smuggling through incorrect parsing of chunked trailer sections
Summary
AIOHTTP is an asynchronous HTTP client/server framework for asyncio and Python. Prior to version 3.12.14, the Python parser is vulnerable to a request smuggling vulnerability due to not parsing trailer sections of an HTTP request. If a pure Python version of aiohttp is installed (i.e. without the usual C extensions) or AIOHTTP_NO_EXTENSIONS is enabled, then an attacker may be able to execute a request smuggling attack to bypass certain firewalls or proxy protections. Version 3.12.14 contains a patch for this issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/aio-libs/aiohttp/commit/e8d774… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-52892 (GCVE-0-2025-52892)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-08-05 00:17 – Updated: 2025-08-05 13:48
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
EspoCRM is vulnerable to access denial through double slash in URI corrupting router cache
Summary
EspoCRM is a web application with a frontend designed as a single-page application and a REST API backend written in PHP. In versions 9.1.6 and below, if a user loads Espo in the browser with double slashes (e.g https://domain//#Admin) and the webserver does not strip the double slash, it can cause a corrupted Slim router's cache. This will make the instance unusable until there is a completed rebuild. This is fixed in version 9.1.7.
Severity
4.5 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/espocrm/espocrm/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2025-49826 (GCVE-0-2025-49826)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-03 21:03 – Updated: 2025-07-08 14:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Next.js DoS vulnerability via cache poisoning
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. From versions 15.0.4-canary.51 to before 15.1.8, a cache poisoning bug leading to a Denial of Service (DoS) condition was found in Next.js. This issue does not impact customers hosted on Vercel. Under certain conditions, this issue may allow a HTTP 204 response to be cached for static pages, leading to the 204 response being served to all users attempting to access the page. This issue has been addressed in version 15.1.8.
Severity
7.5 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/a15b974e… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.1.8 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://vercel.com/changelog/cve-2025-49826 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-49005 (GCVE-0-2025-49005)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-07-03 21:01 – Updated: 2025-07-08 14:34
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Next.js cache poisoning due to omission of Vary header
Summary
Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. In Next.js App Router from 15.3.0 to before 15.3.3 and Vercel CLI from 41.4.1 to 42.2.0, a cache poisoning vulnerability was found. The issue allowed page requests for HTML content to return a React Server Component (RSC) payload instead under certain conditions. When deployed to Vercel, this would only impact the browser cache, and would not lead to the CDN being poisoned. When self-hosted and deployed externally, this could lead to cache poisoning if the CDN does not properly distinguish between RSC / HTML in the cache keys. This issue has been resolved in Next.js 15.3.3.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/security/adviso… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/issues/79346 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/commit/ec202ecc… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/vercel/next.js/releases/tag/v15.3.3 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://vercel.com/changelog/cve-2025-49005 | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-47905 (GCVE-0-2025-47905)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 00:00 – Updated: 2025-05-29 09:03
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Summary
Varnish Cache before 7.6.3 and 7.7 before 7.7.1, and Varnish Enterprise before 6.0.13r14, allow client-side desync via HTTP/1 requests, because the product incorrectly permits CRLF to be skipped to delimit chunk boundaries.
Severity
5.4 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| varnish-software | Varnish Cache |
Affected:
0 , < 6.0.14 LTS
(custom)
Affected: 7.0.0 , < 7.6.3 (custom) Affected: 7.7.0 , < 7.7.1 (custom) |
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CVE-2025-43859 (GCVE-0-2025-43859)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-24 18:15 – Updated: 2025-04-24 19:02
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
h11 accepts some malformed Chunked-Encoding bodies
Summary
h11 is a Python implementation of HTTP/1.1. Prior to version 0.16.0, a leniency in h11's parsing of line terminators in chunked-coding message bodies can lead to request smuggling vulnerabilities under certain conditions. This issue has been patched in version 0.16.0. Since exploitation requires the combination of buggy h11 with a buggy (reverse) proxy, fixing either component is sufficient to mitigate this issue.
Severity
9.1 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-444 - Inconsistent Interpretation of HTTP Requests ('HTTP Request/Response Smuggling')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/security/advi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/python-hyper/h11/commit/114803… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-hyper | h11 |
Affected:
< 0.16.0
|
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Mitigation
Implementation
Use a web server that employs a strict HTTP parsing procedure, such as Apache [REF-433].
Mitigation
Implementation
Use only SSL communication.
Mitigation
Implementation
Terminate the client session after each request.
Mitigation
System Configuration
Turn all pages to non-cacheable.
CAPEC-273: HTTP Response Smuggling
An adversary manipulates and injects malicious content in the form of secret unauthorized HTTP responses, into a single HTTP response from a vulnerable or compromised back-end HTTP agent (e.g., server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.
CAPEC-33: HTTP Request Smuggling
An adversary abuses the flexibility and discrepancies in the parsing and interpretation of HTTP Request messages using various HTTP headers, request-line and body parameters as well as message sizes (denoted by the end of message signaled by a given HTTP header) by different intermediary HTTP agents (e.g., load balancer, reverse proxy, web caching proxies, application firewalls, etc.) to secretly send unauthorized and malicious HTTP requests to a back-end HTTP agent (e.g., web server).
See CanPrecede relationships for possible consequences.