Common Weakness Enumeration
CWE-601
AllowedURL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Abstraction: Base · Status: Draft
The web application accepts a user-controlled input that specifies a link to an external site, and uses that link in a redirect.
2305 vulnerabilities reference this CWE, most recent first.
CVE-2026-44427 (GCVE-0-2026-44427)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-14 21:07 – Updated: 2026-05-15 13:33
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
MCP Registry: Open Redirect
Summary
The MCP Registry provides MCP clients with a list of MCP servers, like an app store for MCP servers. From 1.1.0 to 1.7.4, the TrailingSlashMiddleware in internal/api/server.go is vulnerable to an open redirect attack. An attacker can craft a URL with a protocol-relative path (e.g., //evil.com/) that, after trailing slash removal, results in a Location header of //evil.com — which browsers interpret as an absolute URL to an external domain. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.7.5.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/registry/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| modelcontextprotocol | registry |
Affected:
>= 1.1.0, < 1.7.5
|
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CVE-2026-44372 (GCVE-0-2026-44372)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-13 20:30 – Updated: 2026-05-14 15:47
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Nitro: Open Redirect via Protocol-Relative URL Bypass in Wildcard Route Rules
Summary
Nitro is a next generation server toolkit. Prior to 3.0.260429-beta, an attacker could turn a redirect route rule using wildcards rewrite into a cross-host redirect by sliding an extra slash in after the rule prefix. This vulnerability is fixed in 3.0.260429-beta.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nitrojs/nitro/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nitrojs/nitro/pull/4236 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nitrojs/nitro/releases/tag/v2.13.4 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nitrojs/nitro/releases/tag/v3.… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-43941 (GCVE-0-2026-43941)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 03:01 – Updated: 2026-05-08 21:28
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Unvalidated shell.openExternal in electerm allows arbitrary protocol execution via terminal link click
Summary
electerm is an open-sourced terminal/ssh/sftp/telnet/serialport/RDP/VNC/Spice/ftp client. In versions 3.8.15 and prior, Electerm's terminal hyperlink handler passes any URL clicked in the terminal directly to shell.openExternal without any protocol validation. An attacker who controls terminal output (e.g., via a malicious SSH server, compromised remote host, or malicious plugin rendering terminal content) can thus achieve arbitrary code execution or local file access on the victim's machine, requiring only that the victim clicks a displayed link. At time of publication, there are no publicly available patches.
Severity
9.6 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/electerm/electerm/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
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CVE-2026-43924 (GCVE-0-2026-43924)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-06-03 19:56 – Updated: 2026-06-04 12:37
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
FOSSBilling has an open redirect via administrator-configured redirect targets
Summary
FOSSBilling is a free, open-source billing and client management system. Prior to version 0.8.0, the Redirect module does not validate the URL scheme of administrator-configured destination URLs before storing or issuing redirects. This allows arbitrary external URLs to be configured as redirect targets, creating an open redirect vulnerability exploitable for phishing attacks. Users following a legitimate FOSSBilling URL can be silently redirected to an attacker-controlled external site. The redirect is issued as a 301 (Moved Permanently) response, which browsers cache persistently, amplifying the impact. Exploitation requires administrator privileges to create or modify redirect entries, limiting practical attack scenarios to multi-admin environments or compromised admin accounts. Version 0.8.0 fixes the issue. Some workarounds are available. Restrict admin access to the Redirect module to trusted administrators only and/or audit existing redirect entries in the database (the `extension_meta` table with `extension = 'mod_redirect'`) for any unexpected or external target URLs.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/FOSSBilling/FOSSBilling/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/FOSSBilling/FOSSBilling/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| FOSSBilling | FOSSBilling |
Affected:
< 0.8.0
|
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CVE-2026-43576 (GCVE-0-2026-43576)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-06 19:49 – Updated: 2026-05-07 12:30 X_Open Source
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
OpenClaw < 2026.4.5 - Second-hop SSRF via CDP /json/version WebSocket URL
Summary
OpenClaw before 2026.4.5 contains a server-side request forgery vulnerability in the CDP /json/version WebSocket endpoint that allows attackers to pivot to untrusted second-hop targets. The webSocketDebuggerUrl response field is not properly validated, enabling attackers to redirect connections to arbitrary hosts and perform SSRF-style attacks.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/security/adv… | vendor-advisory |
| https://github.com/openclaw/openclaw/commit/bc356… | patch |
| https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/openclaw-sec… | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
Date Public
2026-04-16 00:00
Credits
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CVE-2026-42565 (GCVE-0-2026-42565)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-11 19:01 – Updated: 2026-05-12 16:30
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
@workos/authkit-session: Open Redirect via state-derived redirect target
Summary
@workos/authkit-session is a toolkit for building WorkOS AuthKit framework integrations. Prior to 0.5.1, an open redirect vulnerability exists in AuthService.handleCallback due to insufficient validation of the returnPathname value derived from the OAuth state parameter. The state parameter is round-tripped through the identity provider (IdP) and can be influenced by an attacker. The handleCallback function decodes and returns returnPathname without enforcing restrictions on origin or scheme. As a result, attacker-controlled values may be returned to the application. If this value is used directly in a redirect, it may cause the user to be redirected to an external, attacker-controlled site. This vulnerability is fixed in 0.5.1.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/securit… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/commit/… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/workos/authkit-session/release… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| workos | authkit-session |
Affected:
< 0.5.1
|
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CVE-2026-42350 (GCVE-0-2026-42350)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-08 22:35 – Updated: 2026-05-12 18:31
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Kargo: Open Redirect in UI OIDC Login Flow via redirectTo Query Parameter
Summary
Kargo manages and automates the promotion of software artifacts. Prior to versions 1.7.10, 1.8.13, 1.9.8, and 1.10.2, Kargo is vulnerable to open redirect in UI OIDC login flow via the redirectTo query parameter. This issue has been patched in versions 1.7.10, 1.8.13, 1.9.8, and 1.10.2.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/akuity/kargo/security/advisori… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-42259 (GCVE-0-2026-42259)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-07 18:54 – Updated: 2026-05-08 22:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Saltcorn: Open Redirect in `POST /auth/login` due to incomplete `is_relative_url` validation (backslash bypass)
Summary
Saltcorn is an extensible, open source, no-code database application builder. Prior to versions 1.4.6, 1.5.6, and 1.6.0-beta.5, Saltcorn validates the post-login dest parameter with a string check that only blocks :/ and //. Because all WHATWG-compliant browsers normalise backslashes (\) to forward slashes (/) for special schemes, a payload such as /\evil.com/path slips through is_relative_url(), is emitted unchanged in the HTTP Location header, and causes the browser to navigate cross-origin to an attacker-controlled domain. The bug is reachable on a default install and only requires a victim who can be tricked into logging in via a crafted Saltcorn URL. This issue has been patched in versions 1.4.6, 1.5.6, and 1.6.0-beta.5.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/saltcorn/saltcorn/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2026-42230 (GCVE-0-2026-42230)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-04 18:28 – Updated: 2026-05-04 19:56
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
n8n: Open Redirect in MCP OAuth Consent Flow
Summary
n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to versions 1.123.32, 2.17.4, and 2.18.1, the /mcp-oauth/register endpoint accepted OAuth client registrations without authentication, allowing arbitrary redirect_uri values to be registered. When a user denies the MCP OAuth consent dialog, the handleDeny handler redirects the user to the registered redirect_uri without validation, enabling an open redirect to an attacker-controlled URL. An attacker can craft a phishing link and send it to a victim; if the victim clicks "Deny" on the consent page, they are silently redirected to an external site. This issue has been patched in versions 1.123.32, 2.17.4, and 2.18.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "n8n",
"vendor": "n8n-io",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 1.123.32"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 2.17.0, \u003c 2.17.4"
},
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003e= 2.18.0, \u003c 2.18.1"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "n8n is an open source workflow automation platform. Prior to versions 1.123.32, 2.17.4, and 2.18.1, the /mcp-oauth/register endpoint accepted OAuth client registrations without authentication, allowing arbitrary redirect_uri values to be registered. When a user denies the MCP OAuth consent dialog, the handleDeny handler redirects the user to the registered redirect_uri without validation, enabling an open redirect to an attacker-controlled URL. An attacker can craft a phishing link and send it to a victim; if the victim clicks \"Deny\" on the consent page, they are silently redirected to an external site. This issue has been patched in versions 1.123.32, 2.17.4, and 2.18.1."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV4_0": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackRequirements": "NONE",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"baseScore": 5.1,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"subAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"subConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"subIntegrityImpact": "NONE",
"userInteraction": "ACTIVE",
"vectorString": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:A/VC:L/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:N/SA:N",
"version": "4.0",
"vulnAvailabilityImpact": "NONE",
"vulnConfidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"vulnIntegrityImpact": "NONE"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-601",
"description": "CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-04T18:28:43.069Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
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"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-f6x8-65q6-j9m9",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/n8n-io/n8n/security/advisories/GHSA-f6x8-65q6-j9m9"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-f6x8-65q6-j9m9",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "n8n: Open Redirect in MCP OAuth Consent Flow"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"assignerShortName": "GitHub_M",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-42230",
"datePublished": "2026-05-04T18:28:43.069Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-04-25T05:37:12.117Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-04T19:56:27.611Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
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CVE-2026-42207 (GCVE-0-2026-42207)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-05-15 17:06 – Updated: 2026-05-15 17:50
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
Magento LTS: Open Redirect via Unvalidated `uenc` Parameter in `stockAction()` - magento-lts
Summary
Magento Long Term Support (LTS) is an unofficial, community-driven project provides an alternative to the Magento Community Edition e-commerce platform with a high level of backward compatibility. Prior to 20.18.0, Mage_ProductAlert_AddController::stockAction() reads the uenc query parameter and passes it directly to $this->_redirectUrl($backUrl) without calling $this->_isUrlInternal(). When the supplied product_id does not match any catalog product, the server issues an unvalidated HTTP 302 redirect to whatever URL was provided as uenc. This vulnerability is fixed in 20.18.0.
Severity
6.1 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-601 - URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OpenMage | magento-lts |
Affected:
< 20.18.0
|
{
"containers": {
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{
"metrics": [
{
"other": {
"content": {
"id": "CVE-2026-42207",
"options": [
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{
"Automatable": "no"
},
{
"Technical Impact": "partial"
}
],
"role": "CISA Coordinator",
"timestamp": "2026-05-15T17:50:03.433120Z",
"version": "2.0.3"
},
"type": "ssvc"
}
}
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"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-15T17:50:25.297Z",
"orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
"shortName": "CISA-ADP"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"exploit"
],
"url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/advisories/GHSA-qpgq-5g92-j5q8"
}
],
"title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "magento-lts",
"vendor": "OpenMage",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "\u003c 20.18.0"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "Magento Long Term Support (LTS) is an unofficial, community-driven project provides an alternative to the Magento Community Edition e-commerce platform with a high level of backward compatibility. Prior to 20.18.0, Mage_ProductAlert_AddController::stockAction() reads the uenc query parameter and passes it directly to $this-\u003e_redirectUrl($backUrl) without calling $this-\u003e_isUrlInternal(). When the supplied product_id does not match any catalog product, the server issues an unvalidated HTTP 302 redirect to whatever URL was provided as uenc. This vulnerability is fixed in 20.18.0."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"attackComplexity": "LOW",
"attackVector": "NETWORK",
"availabilityImpact": "NONE",
"baseScore": 6.1,
"baseSeverity": "MEDIUM",
"confidentialityImpact": "LOW",
"integrityImpact": "LOW",
"privilegesRequired": "NONE",
"scope": "CHANGED",
"userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
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"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-601",
"description": "CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site (\u0027Open Redirect\u0027)",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-15T17:06:40.973Z",
"orgId": "a0819718-46f1-4df5-94e2-005712e83aaa",
"shortName": "GitHub_M"
},
"references": [
{
"name": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/advisories/GHSA-qpgq-5g92-j5q8",
"tags": [
"x_refsource_CONFIRM"
],
"url": "https://github.com/OpenMage/magento-lts/security/advisories/GHSA-qpgq-5g92-j5q8"
}
],
"source": {
"advisory": "GHSA-qpgq-5g92-j5q8",
"discovery": "UNKNOWN"
},
"title": "Magento LTS: Open Redirect via Unvalidated `uenc` Parameter in `stockAction()` - magento-lts"
}
},
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"datePublished": "2026-05-15T17:06:40.973Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-04-25T05:04:37.027Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-05-15T17:50:25.297Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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Mitigation MIT-5
Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- Use a list of approved URLs or domains to be used for redirection.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Use an intermediate disclaimer page that provides the user with a clear warning that they are leaving the current site. Implement a long timeout before the redirect occurs, or force the user to click on the link. Be careful to avoid XSS problems (CWE-79) when generating the disclaimer page.
Mitigation MIT-21.2
Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
- For example, ID 1 could map to "/login.asp" and ID 2 could map to "http://www.example.com/". Features such as the ESAPI AccessReferenceMap [REF-45] provide this capability.
Mitigation
Architecture and Design
Ensure that no externally-supplied requests are honored by requiring that all redirect requests include a unique nonce generated by the application [REF-483]. Be sure that the nonce is not predictable (CWE-330).
Mitigation MIT-6
Architecture and Design
Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
- Many open redirect problems occur because the programmer assumed that certain inputs could not be modified, such as cookies and hidden form fields.
Mitigation MIT-29
Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth [REF-1481].
CAPEC-178: Cross-Site Flashing
An attacker is able to trick the victim into executing a Flash document that passes commands or calls to a Flash player browser plugin, allowing the attacker to exploit native Flash functionality in the client browser. This attack pattern occurs where an attacker can provide a crafted link to a Flash document (SWF file) which, when followed, will cause additional malicious instructions to be executed. The attacker does not need to serve or control the Flash document. The attack takes advantage of the fact that Flash files can reference external URLs. If variables that serve as URLs that the Flash application references can be controlled through parameters, then by creating a link that includes values for those parameters, an attacker can cause arbitrary content to be referenced and possibly executed by the targeted Flash application.