CVE-2025-1731 (GCVE-0-2025-1731)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-22 01:52 – Updated: 2026-02-26 18:28
VLAI
Summary
An incorrect permission assignment vulnerability in the PostgreSQL commands of the Zyxel USG FLEX H series uOS firmware versions from V1.20 through V1.31 could allow an authenticated local attacker with low privileges to gain access to the Linux shell and escalate their privileges by crafting malicious scripts or modifying system configurations with administrator-level access through a stolen token. Modifying the system configuration is only possible if the administrator has not logged out and the token remains valid.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: poc Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator · CISA-ADP (v2.0.3)
Decision recorded 2025-05-02 03:55 UTC
CWE
  • CWE-732 - Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
Assigner
Zyxel CNA under the mitre root
CNA scorecard C 70/100 over 11 records in the last 180 days details
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version CPE status
Zyxel USG FLEX H series uOS firmware Affected: from V1.20 through V1.31
guessed Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-1731",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-05-02T03:55:18.303921Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:28:09.056Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      },
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2025-04-24T06:04:04.291Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/27"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "product": "USG FLEX H series uOS firmware",
          "vendor": "Zyxel",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "from V1.20 through V1.31"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "An incorrect permission assignment vulnerability in the PostgreSQL commands of the Zyxel USG FLEX H series uOS firmware versions from V1.20 through V1.31 could allow an authenticated local attacker with low privileges to gain access to the Linux shell and escalate their privileges by crafting malicious scripts or modifying system configurations with administrator-level access through a stolen token. Modifying the system configuration is only possible if the administrator has not logged out and the token remains valid."
            }
          ],
          "value": "An incorrect permission assignment vulnerability in the PostgreSQL commands of the Zyxel USG FLEX H series uOS firmware versions from V1.20 through V1.31 could allow an authenticated local attacker with low privileges to gain access to the Linux shell and escalate their privileges by crafting malicious scripts or modifying system configurations with administrator-level access through a stolen token. Modifying the system configuration is only possible if the administrator has not logged out and the token remains valid."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-732",
              "description": "CWE-732 Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2025-06-12T07:06:19.271Z",
        "orgId": "96e50032-ad0d-4058-a115-4d2c13821f9f",
        "shortName": "Zyxel"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory"
          ],
          "url": "https://www.zyxel.com/global/en/support/security-advisories/zyxel-security-advisory-for-incorrect-permission-assignment-and-improper-privilege-management-vulnerabilities-in-usg-flex-h-series-firewalls-04-22-2025"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "96e50032-ad0d-4058-a115-4d2c13821f9f",
    "assignerShortName": "Zyxel",
    "cveId": "CVE-2025-1731",
    "datePublished": "2025-04-22T01:52:04.064Z",
    "dateReserved": "2025-02-27T03:13:40.559Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:28:09.056Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.2",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "epss": {
      "cve": "CVE-2025-1731",
      "date": "2026-11-14",
      "epss": "0.00951",
      "percentile": "0.61837"
    },
    "nvd": {
      "cve": {
        "affected": [
          {
            "affectedData": [
              {
                "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
                "product": "USG FLEX H series uOS firmware",
                "vendor": "Zyxel",
                "versions": [
                  {
                    "status": "affected",
                    "version": "from V1.20 through V1.31"
                  }
                ]
              }
            ],
            "source": "security@zyxel.com.tw"
          }
        ],
        "configurations": [
          {
            "nodes": [
              {
                "cpeMatch": [
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:o:zyxel:uos:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "E4CCD46D-8AAF-4ABC-B9CF-AE1ED1F45D48",
                    "versionEndExcluding": "1.32",
                    "versionStartIncluding": "1.20",
                    "vulnerable": true
                  }
                ],
                "negate": false,
                "operator": "OR"
              },
              {
                "cpeMatch": [
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_100h:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "ED28D5ED-B21A-4CD6-947E-9C21EA801B7D",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_100hp:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "ACCFC4B1-37DD-4BF7-86A9-5F0A9A2C1D07",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_200h:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "09D15ECD-4942-407A-A62E-9785568C6B78",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_200hp:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "FD7E9028-1ECB-4D88-84D8-CFC589B429AE",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_500h:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "DE57BCA4-8631-460A-BFE3-BB765E5D009F",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_50h:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "875DC0B8-0189-4952-9FD8-00970F4C72F5",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_50hp:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "F3697878-4927-4381-BA26-3FD9A08D7661",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  },
                  {
                    "criteria": "cpe:2.3:h:zyxel:usg_flex_700h:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*",
                    "matchCriteriaId": "8832743A-99FA-417E-BCE1-4BF7D4CEF9BE",
                    "vulnerable": false
                  }
                ],
                "negate": false,
                "operator": "OR"
              }
            ],
            "operator": "AND"
          }
        ],
        "cveTags": [],
        "descriptions": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "An incorrect permission assignment vulnerability in the PostgreSQL commands of the Zyxel USG FLEX H series uOS firmware versions from V1.20 through V1.31 could allow an authenticated local attacker with low privileges to gain access to the Linux shell and escalate their privileges by crafting malicious scripts or modifying system configurations with administrator-level access through a stolen token. Modifying the system configuration is only possible if the administrator has not logged out and the token remains valid."
          },
          {
            "lang": "es",
            "value": "Una vulnerabilidad de asignaci\u00f3n incorrecta de permisos en los comandos PostgreSQL de las versiones de firmware uOS de la serie USG FLEX H, de la V1.20 a la V1.31, podr\u00eda permitir que un atacante local autenticado con privilegios bajos acceda al shell de Linux y aumente sus privilegios mediante la creaci\u00f3n de scripts maliciosos o la modificaci\u00f3n de la configuraci\u00f3n del sistema con acceso de administrador mediante un token robado. La modificaci\u00f3n de la configuraci\u00f3n del sistema solo es posible si el administrador no ha cerrado sesi\u00f3n y el token sigue siendo v\u00e1lido."
          }
        ],
        "id": "CVE-2025-1731",
        "lastModified": "2026-06-17T08:39:40.800",
        "metrics": {
          "cvssMetricV31": [
            {
              "cvssData": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "LOCAL",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 7.8,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "exploitabilityScore": 1.8,
              "impactScore": 5.9,
              "source": "security@zyxel.com.tw",
              "type": "Secondary"
            }
          ],
          "ssvcV203": [
            {
              "source": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "ssvcData": {
                "id": "CVE-2025-1731",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "exploitation": "poc"
                  },
                  {
                    "automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "technicalImpact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2025-05-02T03:55:18.303921Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              }
            }
          ]
        },
        "published": "2025-04-22T03:15:21.177",
        "references": [
          {
            "source": "security@zyxel.com.tw",
            "tags": [
              "Vendor Advisory"
            ],
            "url": "https://www.zyxel.com/global/en/support/security-advisories/zyxel-security-advisory-for-incorrect-permission-assignment-and-improper-privilege-management-vulnerabilities-in-usg-flex-h-series-firewalls-04-22-2025"
          },
          {
            "source": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
            "tags": [
              "Mailing List"
            ],
            "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/27"
          }
        ],
        "sourceIdentifier": "security@zyxel.com.tw",
        "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
        "weaknesses": [
          {
            "description": [
              {
                "lang": "en",
                "value": "CWE-732"
              }
            ],
            "source": "security@zyxel.com.tw",
            "type": "Secondary"
          }
        ]
      }
    },
    "redhat_vex": {
      "current_release_date": "2026-03-27T08:55:18+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-1731",
      "id": "CVE-2025-1731",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "1",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "CVE-2025-1731",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-1731.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": {
        "adp": [
          {
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2025-04-24T06:04:04.291Z",
              "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
              "shortName": "CVE"
            },
            "references": [
              {
                "url": "http://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2025/Apr/27"
              }
            ],
            "title": "CVE Program Container"
          },
          {
            "metrics": [
              {
                "other": {
                  "content": {
                    "id": "CVE-2025-1731",
                    "options": [
                      {
                        "Exploitation": "poc"
                      },
                      {
                        "Automatable": "no"
                      },
                      {
                        "Technical Impact": "total"
                      }
                    ],
                    "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                    "timestamp": "2025-05-02T03:55:18.303921Z",
                    "version": "2.0.3"
                  },
                  "type": "ssvc"
                }
              }
            ],
            "providerMetadata": {
              "dateUpdated": "2025-04-22T13:36:57.389Z",
              "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
              "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
            },
            "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
          }
        ],
        "cna": {
          "affected": [
            {
              "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
              "product": "USG FLEX H series uOS firmware",
              "vendor": "Zyxel",
              "versions": [
                {
                  "status": "affected",
                  "version": "from V1.20 through V1.31"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "supportingMedia": [
                {
                  "base64": false,
                  "type": "text/html",
                  "value": "An incorrect permission assignment vulnerability in the PostgreSQL commands of the Zyxel USG FLEX H series uOS firmware versions from V1.20 through V1.31 could allow an authenticated local attacker with low privileges to gain access to the Linux shell and escalate their privileges by crafting malicious scripts or modifying system configurations with administrator-level access through a stolen token. Modifying the system configuration is only possible if the administrator has not logged out and the token remains valid."
                }
              ],
              "value": "An incorrect permission assignment vulnerability in the PostgreSQL commands of the Zyxel USG FLEX H series uOS firmware versions from V1.20 through V1.31 could allow an authenticated local attacker with low privileges to gain access to the Linux shell and escalate their privileges by crafting malicious scripts or modifying system configurations with administrator-level access through a stolen token. Modifying the system configuration is only possible if the administrator has not logged out and the token remains valid."
            }
          ],
          "metrics": [
            {
              "cvssV3_1": {
                "attackComplexity": "LOW",
                "attackVector": "LOCAL",
                "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
                "baseScore": 7.8,
                "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
                "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
                "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
                "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
                "scope": "UNCHANGED",
                "userInteraction": "NONE",
                "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
                "version": "3.1"
              },
              "format": "CVSS",
              "scenarios": [
                {
                  "lang": "en",
                  "value": "GENERAL"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "problemTypes": [
            {
              "descriptions": [
                {
                  "cweId": "CWE-732",
                  "description": "CWE-732 Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource",
                  "lang": "en",
                  "type": "CWE"
                }
              ]
            }
          ],
          "providerMetadata": {
            "dateUpdated": "2025-06-12T07:06:19.271Z",
            "orgId": "96e50032-ad0d-4058-a115-4d2c13821f9f",
            "shortName": "Zyxel"
          },
          "references": [
            {
              "tags": [
                "vendor-advisory"
              ],
              "url": "https://www.zyxel.com/global/en/support/security-advisories/zyxel-security-advisory-for-incorrect-permission-assignment-and-improper-privilege-management-vulnerabilities-in-usg-flex-h-series-firewalls-04-22-2025"
            }
          ],
          "source": {
            "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
          },
          "x_generator": {
            "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
          }
        }
      },
      "cveMetadata": {
        "assignerOrgId": "96e50032-ad0d-4058-a115-4d2c13821f9f",
        "assignerShortName": "Zyxel",
        "cveId": "CVE-2025-1731",
        "datePublished": "2025-04-22T01:52:04.064Z",
        "dateReserved": "2025-02-27T03:13:40.559Z",
        "dateUpdated": "2026-02-26T18:28:09.056Z",
        "state": "PUBLISHED"
      },
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Drag nodes to arrange them. Double-click a related vulnerability to open it, or a source to visit its link. The Physics button on the left tunes the layout and the simulation; the legend at the bottom left hides or shows nodes by kind and by sighting type.

Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
Vulnerability timeline

Sightings and recorded dates, grouped by day · UTC

JSON
How durations are calculated

Following the VTEM framework (Black Hat USA 2015), time to patch starts when the vendor or a coordinator was informed, total time to patch at discovery, and disclosure to patch at public disclosure; vendor response time runs from the report to its acknowledgement. Time to exploit and time unpatched start at the earliest discovery or report, falling back to public disclosure. Unpatched time ends at the first recorded patch, or the calculation time when no patch is recorded. Exploitation to patch shows the interval between those two events; a published proof of concept is a public exploit, not exploitation.

Each result shows its source dates. A negative interval means the end event came first; when date-only inputs leave the order open, the result says so. Date-only inputs are approximate. The earliest evidence wins: KEV report dates and sightings are labelled as such. Records describing another vulnerability are listed but never calculated from, and a PoC alone does not establish exploitation. Missing patch evidence does not prove that no patch exists. Filters below change the event list only.

Loading timeline…




    Related by attack behaviour

    Vulnerabilities whose description is nearest to this one in the vector space of the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-biencoder model. This is a similarity search over the bi-encoder space (plain cosine), not a classification, and it has no measured accuracy.