CVE-2025-37797 (GCVE-0-2025-37797)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-02 14:16 – Updated: 2026-08-05 11:57
VLAI
Title
net_sched: hfsc: Fix a UAF vulnerability in class handling
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved: net_sched: hfsc: Fix a UAF vulnerability in class handling This patch fixes a Use-After-Free vulnerability in the HFSC qdisc class handling. The issue occurs due to a time-of-check/time-of-use condition in hfsc_change_class() when working with certain child qdiscs like netem or codel. The vulnerability works as follows: 1. hfsc_change_class() checks if a class has packets (q.qlen != 0) 2. It then calls qdisc_peek_len(), which for certain qdiscs (e.g., codel, netem) might drop packets and empty the queue 3. The code continues assuming the queue is still non-empty, adding the class to vttree 4. This breaks HFSC scheduler assumptions that only non-empty classes are in vttree 5. Later, when the class is destroyed, this can lead to a Use-After-Free The fix adds a second queue length check after qdisc_peek_len() to verify the queue wasn't emptied.
Severity
7.8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
SSVC
Exploitation: none Automatable: no Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Linux Linux Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < 28b09a067831f7317c3841812276022d6c940677 (git)
Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < 39b9095dd3b55d9b2743df038c32138efa34a9de (git)
Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < fcc8ede663569c704fb00a702973bd6c00373283 (git)
Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < 20d584a33e480ae80d105f43e0e7b56784da41b9 (git)
Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < 3aa852e3605000d5c47035c3fc3a986d14ccfa9f (git)
Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < 86cd4641c713455a4f1c8e54c370c598c2b1cee0 (git)
Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < bb583c88d23b72d8d16453d24856c99bd93dadf5 (git)
Affected: 21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14 , < 3df275ef0a6ae181e8428a6589ef5d5231e58b5c (git)
Create a notification for this product.
Linux Linux Affected: 4.14
Unaffected: 0 , < 4.14 (semver)
Unaffected: 5.4.293 , ≤ 5.4.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.10.237 , ≤ 5.10.* (semver)
Unaffected: 5.15.181 , ≤ 5.15.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.1.136 , ≤ 6.1.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.6.89 , ≤ 6.6.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.12.26 , ≤ 6.12.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.14.5 , ≤ 6.14.* (semver)
Unaffected: 6.15 , ≤ * (original_commit_for_fix)
Create a notification for this product.
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              "value": "AV:L - The entire attack sequence (create hfsc qdisc, attach a codel/netem child, `tc class change`, then `tc class del`) is driven through rtnetlink RTM_NEWTCLASS/RTM_DELTCLASS messages, which require local system access. Per kernel CNA guidance, tc/netlink qdisc bugs are Local.\nAC:L - This is a deterministic time-of-check/time-of-use flaw inside a single netlink operation, not a thread race \u2014 the attacker picks the child qdisc (codel/netem) and its parameters so the peek is guaranteed to drop the packet and empty the queue. No condition outside the attacker\u0027s control is involved, and a reliable reproducer existed.\nPR:L - The tc class paths only check `netlink_ns_capable(skb, net-\u003euser_ns, CAP_NET_ADMIN)`, which an unprivileged user satisfies inside a new user+net namespace (`unshare -Urn`), where they can create a dummy/veth device, build the hfsc hierarchy and generate the traffic. Per guidance, tc/qdisc reachable via user namespaces is Low, not High.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step \u2014 qdisc/class configuration, packet generation, class change and class deletion \u2014 with no action by any other user. Subsequent dequeue on the attacker\u0027s own device triggers the freed-object access.\nS:U - The corruption and its consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own memory and privilege domain; there is no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or other security-authority boundary. Standard kernel-local privilege escalation is Unchanged.\nC:H - The freed `hfsc_class` remains linked in the parent\u0027s vt_tree/eltree, so `vttree_firstfit()`/`eltree_get_mindl()` read `cl_f`, `cl_vt`, `cl_parent` and `cl-\u003eqdisc` out of reclaimed slab memory, giving an attacker who sprays the slot a controlled read primitive and kernel memory disclosure.\nI:H - The dangling rb_node yields `rb_erase()`/`rb_insert_color()` pointer writes plus the direct `cl-\u003ecl_parent-\u003ecl_cvtmin = cl-\u003ecl_vt` write through freed memory, and `qdisc_dequeue_peeked()` makes an indirect call through `cl-\u003eqdisc-\u003eops-\u003edequeue` read from the freed object \u2014 a full write/control-flow-hijack primitive for privilege escalation.\nA:H - Even without successful exploitation, traversing and erasing rb-tree nodes inside a kfree()d `hfsc_class` reliably corrupts the scheduler tree and panics or oopses the kernel, and the attacker can repeat it at will."
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      "cve": "CVE-2025-37797",
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      "title": "net_sched: hfsc: Fix a UAF vulnerability in class handling",
      "url": "https://msrc.microsoft.com/csaf/vex/2025/msrc_cve-2025-37797.json",
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This breaks HFSC scheduler assumptions that only non-empty classes\\n   are in vttree\\n5. Later, when the class is destroyed, this can lead to a Use-After-Free\\n\\nThe fix adds a second queue length check after qdisc_peek_len() to verify\\nthe queue wasn\u0027t emptied.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"En el kernel de Linux, se ha resuelto la siguiente vulnerabilidad: net_sched: hfsc: Se corrige una vulnerabilidad de UAF en la gesti\u00f3n de clases. Este parche corrige una vulnerabilidad de use-after-free en la gesti\u00f3n de clases de qdisc HFSC. El problema se produce debido a una condici\u00f3n de tiempo de comprobaci\u00f3n/tiempo de uso en hfsc_change_class() al trabajar con ciertas qdiscs secundarias como netem o codel. La vulnerabilidad funciona de la siguiente manera: 1. hfsc_change_class() verifica si una clase tiene paquetes (q.qlen != 0) 2. Luego llama a qdisc_peek_len(), que para ciertos qdiscs (por ejemplo, codel, netem) puede descartar paquetes y vaciar la cola 3. El c\u00f3digo contin\u00faa asumiendo que la cola todav\u00eda no est\u00e1 vac\u00eda, agregando la clase a vttree 4. Esto rompe las suposiciones del programador HFSC de que solo las clases no vac\u00edas est\u00e1n en vttree 5. M\u00e1s tarde, cuando se destruye la clase, esto puede llevar a un Use-After-Free La soluci\u00f3n agrega una segunda verificaci\u00f3n de longitud de cola despu\u00e9s de qdisc_peek_len() para verificar que la cola no se haya 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List\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Mailing List\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]}]}}",
    "redhat_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "Moderate",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-30T09:29:24+00:00",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-37797",
      "id": "CVE-2025-37797",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-05-02T00:00:00+00:00",
      "product_status:fixed": "1804",
      "product_status:known_affected": "36",
      "source": "Red Hat CSAF VEX",
      "status": "final",
      "title": "kernel: net_sched: hfsc: Fix a UAF vulnerability in class handling",
      "url": "https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2025/cve-2025-37797.json",
      "version": "3"
    },
    "suse_vex": {
      "aggregate_severity": "important",
      "current_release_date": "2026-07-15T06:18:30Z",
      "cve": "CVE-2025-37797",
      "id": "CVE-2025-37797",
      "initial_release_date": "2025-05-07T02:10:23Z",
      "product_status:known_affected": "456",
      "product_status:known_not_affected": "52",
      "product_status:recommended": "867",
      "source": "SUSE CSAF VEX",
      "status": "interim",
      "title": "SUSE CVE CVE-2025-37797",
      "url": "https://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/security/csaf-vex/cve-2025-37797.json",
      "version": "63"
    },
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CVE Program Container\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00045.html\"}, {\"url\": \"https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2025/05/msg00030.html\"}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\", \"shortName\": \"CVE\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2025-11-03T19:55:28.428Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2025-37797\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2026-06-10T20:40:32.363946Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-06-11T17:37:24.801Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"net_sched: hfsc: Fix a UAF vulnerability in class handling\", \"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 7.8, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\"}, \"scenarios\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"AV:L - The entire attack sequence (create hfsc qdisc, attach a codel/netem child, `tc class change`, then `tc class del`) is driven through rtnetlink RTM_NEWTCLASS/RTM_DELTCLASS messages, which require local system access. Per kernel CNA guidance, tc/netlink qdisc bugs are Local.\\nAC:L - This is a deterministic time-of-check/time-of-use flaw inside a single netlink operation, not a thread race \\u2014 the attacker picks the child qdisc (codel/netem) and its parameters so the peek is guaranteed to drop the packet and empty the queue. No condition outside the attacker\u0027s control is involved, and a reliable reproducer existed.\\nPR:L - The tc class paths only check `netlink_ns_capable(skb, net-\u003euser_ns, CAP_NET_ADMIN)`, which an unprivileged user satisfies inside a new user+net namespace (`unshare -Urn`), where they can create a dummy/veth device, build the hfsc hierarchy and generate the traffic. Per guidance, tc/qdisc reachable via user namespaces is Low, not High.\\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step \\u2014 qdisc/class configuration, packet generation, class change and class deletion \\u2014 with no action by any other user. Subsequent dequeue on the attacker\u0027s own device triggers the freed-object access.\\nS:U - The corruption and its consequences are confined to the kernel\u0027s own memory and privilege domain; there is no crossing of a VM, IOMMU, or other security-authority boundary. Standard kernel-local privilege escalation is Unchanged.\\nC:H - The freed `hfsc_class` remains linked in the parent\u0027s vt_tree/eltree, so `vttree_firstfit()`/`eltree_get_mindl()` read `cl_f`, `cl_vt`, `cl_parent` and `cl-\u003eqdisc` out of reclaimed slab memory, giving an attacker who sprays the slot a controlled read primitive and kernel memory disclosure.\\nI:H - The dangling rb_node yields `rb_erase()`/`rb_insert_color()` pointer writes plus the direct `cl-\u003ecl_parent-\u003ecl_cvtmin = cl-\u003ecl_vt` write through freed memory, and `qdisc_dequeue_peeked()` makes an indirect call through `cl-\u003eqdisc-\u003eops-\u003edequeue` read from the freed object \\u2014 a full write/control-flow-hijack primitive for privilege escalation.\\nA:H - Even without successful exploitation, traversing and erasing rb-tree nodes inside a kfree()d `hfsc_class` reliably corrupts the scheduler tree and panics or oopses the kernel, and the attacker can repeat it at will.\"}]}], \"affected\": [{\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"28b09a067831f7317c3841812276022d6c940677\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"39b9095dd3b55d9b2743df038c32138efa34a9de\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"fcc8ede663569c704fb00a702973bd6c00373283\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"20d584a33e480ae80d105f43e0e7b56784da41b9\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"3aa852e3605000d5c47035c3fc3a986d14ccfa9f\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"86cd4641c713455a4f1c8e54c370c598c2b1cee0\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"bb583c88d23b72d8d16453d24856c99bd93dadf5\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"21f4d5cc25ec0e6e8eb8420dd2c399e6d2fc7d14\", \"lessThan\": \"3df275ef0a6ae181e8428a6589ef5d5231e58b5c\", \"versionType\": \"git\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"net/sched/sch_hfsc.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}, {\"repo\": \"https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git\", \"vendor\": \"Linux\", \"product\": \"Linux\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"4.14\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"4.14\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.4.293\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.4.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.10.237\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.10.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"5.15.181\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"5.15.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.1.136\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.1.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.6.89\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.6.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.12.26\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.12.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.14.5\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"6.14.*\"}, {\"status\": \"unaffected\", \"version\": \"6.15\", \"versionType\": \"original_commit_for_fix\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"*\"}], \"programFiles\": [\"net/sched/sch_hfsc.c\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"affected\"}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/28b09a067831f7317c3841812276022d6c940677\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/39b9095dd3b55d9b2743df038c32138efa34a9de\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/fcc8ede663569c704fb00a702973bd6c00373283\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/20d584a33e480ae80d105f43e0e7b56784da41b9\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3aa852e3605000d5c47035c3fc3a986d14ccfa9f\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/86cd4641c713455a4f1c8e54c370c598c2b1cee0\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/bb583c88d23b72d8d16453d24856c99bd93dadf5\"}, {\"url\": \"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3df275ef0a6ae181e8428a6589ef5d5231e58b5c\"}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"bippy-1.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\nnet_sched: hfsc: Fix a UAF vulnerability in class handling\\n\\nThis patch fixes a Use-After-Free vulnerability in the HFSC qdisc class\\nhandling. The issue occurs due to a time-of-check/time-of-use condition\\nin hfsc_change_class() when working with certain child qdiscs like netem\\nor codel.\\n\\nThe vulnerability works as follows:\\n1. hfsc_change_class() checks if a class has packets (q.qlen != 0)\\n2. It then calls qdisc_peek_len(), which for certain qdiscs (e.g.,\\n   codel, netem) might drop packets and empty the queue\\n3. The code continues assuming the queue is still non-empty, adding\\n   the class to vttree\\n4. This breaks HFSC scheduler assumptions that only non-empty classes\\n   are in vttree\\n5. Later, when the class is destroyed, this can lead to a Use-After-Free\\n\\nThe fix adds a second queue length check after qdisc_peek_len() to verify\\nthe queue wasn\u0027t emptied.\"}], \"cpeApplicability\": [{\"nodes\": [{\"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.4.293\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.10.237\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"5.15.181\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.1.136\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.6.89\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.12.26\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.14.5\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}, {\"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"vulnerable\": true, \"versionEndExcluding\": \"6.15\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"4.14\"}], \"operator\": \"OR\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"shortName\": \"Linux\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-05T11:57:36.042Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2025-37797\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2026-08-05T11:57:36.042Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2025-04-16T04:51:23.941Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\", \"datePublished\": \"2025-05-02T14:16:01.905Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"Linux\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.2"
    }
  }
}



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Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.

Sightings

Author Source Type Date Other

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.


Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.