CVE-2022-39950 (GCVE-0-2022-39950)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2022-11-02 00:00 – Updated: 2024-10-25 13:17
VLAI?
Summary
An improper neutralization of input during web page generation vulnerability [CWE-79] exists in FortiManager and FortiAnalyzer 6.0.0 all versions, 6.2.0 all versions, 6.4.0 through 6.4.8, and 7.0.0 through 7.0.4. Report templates may allow a low privilege level attacker to perform an XSS attack via posting a crafted CKeditor "protected" comment as described in CVE-2020-9281.
Severity ?
8 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:U/RC:C
CWE
  • Execute unauthorized code or commands
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Fortinet Fortinet FortiAnalyzer, FortiManager Affected: FortiAnalyzer 7.0.4, 7.0.3, 7.0.2, 7.0.1, 7.0.0, 6.4.8, 6.4.7, 6.4.6, 6.4.5, 6.4.4, 6.4.3, 6.4.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.0, 6.2.9, 6.2.8, 6.2.7, 6.2.6, 6.2.5, 6.2.4, 6.2.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.0, 6.0.11, 6.0.10, 6.0.9, 6.0.8, 6.0.7, 6.0.6, 6.0.5, 6.0.4, 6.0.3, 6.0.2, 6.0.1, 6.0.0; FortiManager 7.0.4, 7.0.3, 7.0.2, 7.0.1, 7.0.0, 6.4.8, 6.4.7, 6.4.6, 6.4.5, 6.4.4, 6.4.3, 6.4.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.0, 6.2.9, 6.2.8, 6.2.7, 6.2.6, 6.2.5, 6.2.4, 6.2.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.0, 6.0.11, 6.0.10, 6.0.9, 6.0.8, 6.0.7, 6.0.6, 6.0.5, 6.0.4, 6.0.3, 6.0.2, 6.0.1, 6.0.0
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-08-03T12:07:43.095Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      },
      {
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2022-39950",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2024-10-23T14:12:07.696131Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-10-25T13:17:01.104Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "Fortinet FortiAnalyzer, FortiManager",
          "vendor": "Fortinet",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "FortiAnalyzer 7.0.4, 7.0.3, 7.0.2, 7.0.1, 7.0.0, 6.4.8, 6.4.7, 6.4.6, 6.4.5, 6.4.4, 6.4.3, 6.4.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.0, 6.2.9, 6.2.8, 6.2.7, 6.2.6, 6.2.5, 6.2.4, 6.2.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.0, 6.0.11, 6.0.10, 6.0.9, 6.0.8, 6.0.7, 6.0.6, 6.0.5, 6.0.4, 6.0.3, 6.0.2, 6.0.1, 6.0.0; FortiManager 7.0.4, 7.0.3, 7.0.2, 7.0.1, 7.0.0, 6.4.8, 6.4.7, 6.4.6, 6.4.5, 6.4.4, 6.4.3, 6.4.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.0, 6.2.9, 6.2.8, 6.2.7, 6.2.6, 6.2.5, 6.2.4, 6.2.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.0, 6.0.11, 6.0.10, 6.0.9, 6.0.8, 6.0.7, 6.0.6, 6.0.5, 6.0.4, 6.0.3, 6.0.2, 6.0.1, 6.0.0"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "An improper neutralization of input during web page generation vulnerability [CWE-79] exists in FortiManager and FortiAnalyzer 6.0.0 all versions, 6.2.0 all versions, 6.4.0 through 6.4.8, and 7.0.0 through 7.0.4. Report templates may allow a low privilege level attacker to perform an XSS attack via posting a crafted CKeditor \"protected\" comment as described in CVE-2020-9281."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "exploitCodeMaturity": "PROOF_OF_CONCEPT",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "remediationLevel": "UNAVAILABLE",
            "reportConfidence": "CONFIRMED",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "temporalScore": 7.6,
            "temporalSeverity": "HIGH",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:U/RC:C",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "description": "Execute unauthorized code or commands",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "text"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2022-11-02T00:00:00",
        "orgId": "6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8",
        "shortName": "fortinet"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8",
    "assignerShortName": "fortinet",
    "cveId": "CVE-2022-39950",
    "datePublished": "2022-11-02T00:00:00",
    "dateReserved": "2022-09-05T00:00:00",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-10-25T13:17:01.104Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "fkie_nvd": {
      "configurations": "[{\"nodes\": [{\"operator\": \"OR\", \"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.0.0\", \"versionEndIncluding\": \"6.2.9\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"84AD143D-6ED3-4570-84A6-9ED5445F6D55\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.4.0\", \"versionEndIncluding\": \"6.4.8\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"19769C95-B563-476D-A4B3-6C317294F1E9\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"7.0.0\", \"versionEndIncluding\": \"7.0.4\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"03F72414-2947-41B8-B70D-7F7D3321BD04\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.0.0\", \"versionEndIncluding\": \"6.2.9\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"AA98A496-328F-4B63-B2EE-3B7E89794C37\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"6.4.0\", \"versionEndIncluding\": \"6.4.8\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"78B81744-E114-4AFD-9BBD-641FCE9C40A7\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionStartIncluding\": \"7.0.0\", \"versionEndIncluding\": \"7.0.4\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"66F101B8-39A0-49E0-B320-265C597D4888\"}]}]}]",
      "descriptions": "[{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"An improper neutralization of input during web page generation vulnerability [CWE-79] exists in FortiManager and FortiAnalyzer 6.0.0 all versions, 6.2.0 all versions, 6.4.0 through 6.4.8, and 7.0.0 through 7.0.4. Report templates may allow a low privilege level attacker to perform an XSS attack via posting a crafted CKeditor \\\"protected\\\" comment as described in CVE-2020-9281.\"}, {\"lang\": \"es\", \"value\": \"Existe una neutralizaci\\u00f3n inadecuada de la entrada durante la vulnerabilidad de generaci\\u00f3n de p\\u00e1ginas web [CWE-79] en FortiManager y FortiAnalyzer 6.0.0 todas las versiones, 6.2.0 todas las versiones, 6.4.0 a 6.4.8 y 7.0.0 a 7.0.4. Las plantillas de informes pueden permitir que un atacante de bajo nivel de privilegios realice un ataque XSS mediante la publicaci\\u00f3n de un comentario \\\"protected\\\" de CKeditor manipulado como se describe en CVE-2020-9281.\"}]",
      "id": "CVE-2022-39950",
      "lastModified": "2024-11-21T07:18:32.757",
      "metrics": "{\"cvssMetricV31\": [{\"source\": \"psirt@fortinet.com\", \"type\": \"Secondary\", \"cvssData\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\", \"baseScore\": 8.0, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"attackVector\": \"NETWORK\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"userInteraction\": \"REQUIRED\", \"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}, \"exploitabilityScore\": 2.1, \"impactScore\": 5.9}, {\"source\": \"nvd@nist.gov\", \"type\": \"Primary\", \"cvssData\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N\", \"baseScore\": 5.4, \"baseSeverity\": \"MEDIUM\", \"attackVector\": \"NETWORK\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"userInteraction\": \"REQUIRED\", \"scope\": \"CHANGED\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"LOW\", \"integrityImpact\": \"LOW\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"NONE\"}, \"exploitabilityScore\": 2.3, \"impactScore\": 2.7}]}",
      "published": "2022-11-02T12:15:55.537",
      "references": "[{\"url\": \"https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228\", \"source\": \"psirt@fortinet.com\", \"tags\": [\"Vendor Advisory\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228\", \"source\": \"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\", \"tags\": [\"Vendor Advisory\"]}]",
      "sourceIdentifier": "psirt@fortinet.com",
      "vulnStatus": "Modified",
      "weaknesses": "[{\"source\": \"nvd@nist.gov\", \"type\": \"Primary\", \"description\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"CWE-79\"}]}]"
    },
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2022-39950\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"psirt@fortinet.com\",\"published\":\"2022-11-02T12:15:55.537\",\"lastModified\":\"2024-11-21T07:18:32.757\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"An improper neutralization of input during web page generation vulnerability [CWE-79] exists in FortiManager and FortiAnalyzer 6.0.0 all versions, 6.2.0 all versions, 6.4.0 through 6.4.8, and 7.0.0 through 7.0.4. Report templates may allow a low privilege level attacker to perform an XSS attack via posting a crafted CKeditor \\\"protected\\\" comment as described in CVE-2020-9281.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"Existe una neutralizaci\u00f3n inadecuada de la entrada durante la vulnerabilidad de generaci\u00f3n de p\u00e1ginas web [CWE-79] en FortiManager y FortiAnalyzer 6.0.0 todas las versiones, 6.2.0 todas las versiones, 6.4.0 a 6.4.8 y 7.0.0 a 7.0.4. Las plantillas de informes pueden permitir que un atacante de bajo nivel de privilegios realice un ataque XSS mediante la publicaci\u00f3n de un comentario \\\"protected\\\" de CKeditor manipulado como se describe en CVE-2020-9281.\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"psirt@fortinet.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":8.0,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"REQUIRED\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":2.1,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N\",\"baseScore\":5.4,\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"REQUIRED\",\"scope\":\"CHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"LOW\",\"integrityImpact\":\"LOW\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"NONE\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":2.3,\"impactScore\":2.7}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-79\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.0.0\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"6.2.9\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"84AD143D-6ED3-4570-84A6-9ED5445F6D55\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.4.0\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"6.4.8\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"19769C95-B563-476D-A4B3-6C317294F1E9\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortianalyzer:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"7.0.0\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"7.0.4\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"03F72414-2947-41B8-B70D-7F7D3321BD04\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.0.0\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"6.2.9\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"AA98A496-328F-4B63-B2EE-3B7E89794C37\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.4.0\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"6.4.8\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"78B81744-E114-4AFD-9BBD-641FCE9C40A7\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:fortinet:fortimanager:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"7.0.0\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"7.0.4\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"66F101B8-39A0-49E0-B320-265C597D4888\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228\",\"source\":\"psirt@fortinet.com\",\"tags\":[\"Vendor Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Vendor Advisory\"]}]}}",
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CVE Program Container\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228\", \"tags\": [\"x_transferred\"]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\", \"shortName\": \"CVE\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2024-08-03T12:07:43.095Z\"}}, {\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2022-39950\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2024-10-23T14:12:07.696131Z\"}}}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2024-10-23T14:15:44.345Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"metrics\": [{\"cvssV3_1\": {\"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 8, \"attackVector\": \"NETWORK\", \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H/E:P/RL:U/RC:C\", \"temporalScore\": 7.6, \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"userInteraction\": \"REQUIRED\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"remediationLevel\": \"UNAVAILABLE\", \"reportConfidence\": \"CONFIRMED\", \"temporalSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"exploitCodeMaturity\": \"PROOF_OF_CONCEPT\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}}], \"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"Fortinet\", \"product\": \"Fortinet FortiAnalyzer, FortiManager\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"FortiAnalyzer 7.0.4, 7.0.3, 7.0.2, 7.0.1, 7.0.0, 6.4.8, 6.4.7, 6.4.6, 6.4.5, 6.4.4, 6.4.3, 6.4.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.0, 6.2.9, 6.2.8, 6.2.7, 6.2.6, 6.2.5, 6.2.4, 6.2.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.0, 6.0.11, 6.0.10, 6.0.9, 6.0.8, 6.0.7, 6.0.6, 6.0.5, 6.0.4, 6.0.3, 6.0.2, 6.0.1, 6.0.0; FortiManager 7.0.4, 7.0.3, 7.0.2, 7.0.1, 7.0.0, 6.4.8, 6.4.7, 6.4.6, 6.4.5, 6.4.4, 6.4.3, 6.4.2, 6.4.1, 6.4.0, 6.2.9, 6.2.8, 6.2.7, 6.2.6, 6.2.5, 6.2.4, 6.2.3, 6.2.2, 6.2.1, 6.2.0, 6.0.11, 6.0.10, 6.0.9, 6.0.8, 6.0.7, 6.0.6, 6.0.5, 6.0.4, 6.0.3, 6.0.2, 6.0.1, 6.0.0\"}]}], \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://fortiguard.com/psirt/FG-IR-21-228\"}], \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"An improper neutralization of input during web page generation vulnerability [CWE-79] exists in FortiManager and FortiAnalyzer 6.0.0 all versions, 6.2.0 all versions, 6.4.0 through 6.4.8, and 7.0.0 through 7.0.4. Report templates may allow a low privilege level attacker to perform an XSS attack via posting a crafted CKeditor \\\"protected\\\" comment as described in CVE-2020-9281.\"}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"text\", \"description\": \"Execute unauthorized code or commands\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8\", \"shortName\": \"fortinet\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2022-11-02T00:00:00\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2022-39950\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2024-10-25T13:17:01.104Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2022-09-05T00:00:00\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"6abe59d8-c742-4dff-8ce8-9b0ca1073da8\", \"datePublished\": \"2022-11-02T00:00:00\", \"assignerShortName\": \"fortinet\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.



Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.