CVE-2024-8975 (GCVE-0-2024-8975)

Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2024-09-25 16:42 – Updated: 2024-09-26 16:22
VLAI?
Title
Grafana Alloy on Windows Unquoted service path
Summary
Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Alloy on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM This issue affects Alloy: before 1.3.3, from 1.4.0-rc.0 through 1.4.0-rc.1.
Severity ?
7.3 (High)
CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-428 - Unquoted Search Path or Element
Assigner
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Grafana Alloy Affected: 0 , < 1.3.3 (semver)
Affected: 1.4.0-rc.0 , ≤ 1.4.0-rc.1 (semver)
Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website
To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "affected": [
          {
            "cpes": [
              "cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"
            ],
            "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
            "product": "alloy",
            "vendor": "grafana",
            "versions": [
              {
                "lessThan": "1.3.3",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "0",
                "versionType": "semver"
              },
              {
                "lessThanOrEqual": "1.4.0-rc.1",
                "status": "affected",
                "version": "1.4.0-rc.0",
                "versionType": "semver"
              }
            ]
          }
        ],
        "metrics": [
          {
            "other": {
              "content": {
                "id": "CVE-2024-8975",
                "options": [
                  {
                    "Exploitation": "none"
                  },
                  {
                    "Automatable": "no"
                  },
                  {
                    "Technical Impact": "total"
                  }
                ],
                "role": "CISA Coordinator",
                "timestamp": "2024-09-25T17:41:05.326706Z",
                "version": "2.0.3"
              },
              "type": "ssvc"
            }
          }
        ],
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-09-25T17:43:08.082Z",
          "orgId": "134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0",
          "shortName": "CISA-ADP"
        },
        "title": "CISA ADP Vulnrichment"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "defaultStatus": "unaffected",
          "platforms": [
            "Windows"
          ],
          "product": "Alloy",
          "vendor": "Grafana",
          "versions": [
            {
              "lessThan": "1.3.3",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            },
            {
              "lessThanOrEqual": "1.4.0-rc.1",
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.4.0-rc.0",
              "versionType": "semver"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2024-09-25T13:40:00.000Z",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Alloy on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis issue affects Alloy: before 1.3.3, from 1.4.0-rc.0 through 1.4.0-rc.1.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Alloy on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM\nThis issue affects Alloy: before 1.3.3, from 1.4.0-rc.0 through 1.4.0-rc.1."
        }
      ],
      "impacts": [
        {
          "capecId": "CAPEC-233",
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "CAPEC-233 Privilege Escalation"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.3,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "REQUIRED",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "format": "CVSS",
          "scenarios": [
            {
              "lang": "en",
              "value": "GENERAL"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-428",
              "description": "CWE-428 Unquoted Search Path or Element",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2024-09-26T16:22:26.037Z",
        "orgId": "57da9224-a3e2-4646-9d0e-c4dc2e05e7da",
        "shortName": "GRAFANA"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "url": "https://grafana.com/security/security-advisories/cve-2024-8975/"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://grafana.com/blog/2024/09/25/grafana-alloy-and-grafana-agent-flow-security-release-high-severity-fix-for-cve-2024-8975-and-cve-2024-8996/"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.4.1"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.3.4"
        }
      ],
      "solutions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "Uninstall Alloy, and then perform a clean install with version either 1.3.4 or 1.4.1 or a higher version\u003cbr\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Uninstall Alloy, and then perform a clean install with version either 1.3.4 or 1.4.1 or a higher version"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "discovery": "UNKNOWN"
      },
      "title": "Grafana Alloy on Windows Unquoted service path",
      "workarounds": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "supportingMedia": [
            {
              "base64": false,
              "type": "text/html",
              "value": "Edit the registry to manually \u003cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003eadd the double quotes manually to `Computer\\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\Alloy\\ImagePath`\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cbr\u003e"
            }
          ],
          "value": "Edit the registry to manually add the double quotes manually to `Computer\\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\SYSTEM\\CurrentControlSet\\Services\\Alloy\\ImagePath`"
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.2.0"
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "57da9224-a3e2-4646-9d0e-c4dc2e05e7da",
    "assignerShortName": "GRAFANA",
    "cveId": "CVE-2024-8975",
    "datePublished": "2024-09-25T16:42:09.998Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-09-18T14:51:37.565Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-09-26T16:22:26.037Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "fkie_nvd": {
      "configurations": "[{\"operator\": \"AND\", \"nodes\": [{\"operator\": \"OR\", \"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"versionEndExcluding\": \"1.3.3\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"2B3A3DA9-F850-44BE-9D85-6148AE2FBAAB\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:1.4.0:rc0:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"EDEDC487-EC03-4EFF-BFC2-F28FF86C25B7\"}, {\"vulnerable\": true, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:1.4.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"2724CED9-623A-459D-A29B-1D9E3E7D5148\"}]}, {\"operator\": \"OR\", \"negate\": false, \"cpeMatch\": [{\"vulnerable\": false, \"criteria\": \"cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\", \"matchCriteriaId\": \"A2572D17-1DE6-457B-99CC-64AFD54487EA\"}]}]}]",
      "descriptions": "[{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Alloy on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM\\nThis issue affects Alloy: before 1.3.3, from 1.4.0-rc.0 through 1.4.0-rc.1.\"}, {\"lang\": \"es\", \"value\": \"La vulnerabilidad de ruta o elemento de b\\u00fasqueda sin comillas en Grafana Alloy en Windows permite la escalada de privilegios del usuario local al SYSTEM. Este problema afecta a Alloy: antes de 1.3.3, desde 1.4.0-rc.0 hasta 1.4.0-rc.1.\"}]",
      "id": "CVE-2024-8975",
      "lastModified": "2024-12-26T15:00:26.180",
      "metrics": "{\"cvssMetricV31\": [{\"source\": \"security@grafana.com\", \"type\": \"Secondary\", \"cvssData\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\", \"baseScore\": 7.3, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"attackVector\": \"LOCAL\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"userInteraction\": \"REQUIRED\", \"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}, \"exploitabilityScore\": 1.3, \"impactScore\": 5.9}, {\"source\": \"nvd@nist.gov\", \"type\": \"Primary\", \"cvssData\": {\"version\": \"3.1\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\", \"baseScore\": 7.8, \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"attackVector\": \"LOCAL\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"userInteraction\": \"NONE\", \"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}, \"exploitabilityScore\": 1.8, \"impactScore\": 5.9}]}",
      "published": "2024-09-25T17:15:19.360",
      "references": "[{\"url\": \"https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.3.4\", \"source\": \"security@grafana.com\", \"tags\": [\"Release Notes\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.4.1\", \"source\": \"security@grafana.com\", \"tags\": [\"Release Notes\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://grafana.com/blog/2024/09/25/grafana-alloy-and-grafana-agent-flow-security-release-high-severity-fix-for-cve-2024-8975-and-cve-2024-8996/\", \"source\": \"security@grafana.com\", \"tags\": [\"Vendor Advisory\"]}, {\"url\": \"https://grafana.com/security/security-advisories/cve-2024-8975/\", \"source\": \"security@grafana.com\", \"tags\": [\"Vendor Advisory\"]}]",
      "sourceIdentifier": "security@grafana.com",
      "vulnStatus": "Analyzed",
      "weaknesses": "[{\"source\": \"security@grafana.com\", \"type\": \"Secondary\", \"description\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"CWE-428\"}]}, {\"source\": \"nvd@nist.gov\", \"type\": \"Primary\", \"description\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"CWE-428\"}]}]"
    },
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2024-8975\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"security@grafana.com\",\"published\":\"2024-09-25T17:15:19.360\",\"lastModified\":\"2024-12-26T15:00:26.180\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Alloy on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM\\nThis issue affects Alloy: before 1.3.3, from 1.4.0-rc.0 through 1.4.0-rc.1.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"La vulnerabilidad de ruta o elemento de b\u00fasqueda sin comillas en Grafana Alloy en Windows permite la escalada de privilegios del usuario local al SYSTEM. Este problema afecta a Alloy: antes de 1.3.3, desde 1.4.0-rc.0 hasta 1.4.0-rc.1.\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"security@grafana.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.3,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"REQUIRED\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.3,\"impactScore\":5.9},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"security@grafana.com\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-428\"}]},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-428\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"operator\":\"AND\",\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.3.3\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"2B3A3DA9-F850-44BE-9D85-6148AE2FBAAB\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:1.4.0:rc0:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"EDEDC487-EC03-4EFF-BFC2-F28FF86C25B7\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:1.4.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"2724CED9-623A-459D-A29B-1D9E3E7D5148\"}]},{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":false,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:microsoft:windows:-:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"A2572D17-1DE6-457B-99CC-64AFD54487EA\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.3.4\",\"source\":\"security@grafana.com\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.4.1\",\"source\":\"security@grafana.com\",\"tags\":[\"Release Notes\"]},{\"url\":\"https://grafana.com/blog/2024/09/25/grafana-alloy-and-grafana-agent-flow-security-release-high-severity-fix-for-cve-2024-8975-and-cve-2024-8996/\",\"source\":\"security@grafana.com\",\"tags\":[\"Vendor Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://grafana.com/security/security-advisories/cve-2024-8975/\",\"source\":\"security@grafana.com\",\"tags\":[\"Vendor Advisory\"]}]}}",
    "vulnrichment": {
      "containers": "{\"adp\": [{\"title\": \"CISA ADP Vulnrichment\", \"metrics\": [{\"other\": {\"type\": \"ssvc\", \"content\": {\"id\": \"CVE-2024-8975\", \"role\": \"CISA Coordinator\", \"options\": [{\"Exploitation\": \"none\"}, {\"Automatable\": \"no\"}, {\"Technical Impact\": \"total\"}], \"version\": \"2.0.3\", \"timestamp\": \"2024-09-25T17:41:05.326706Z\"}}}], \"affected\": [{\"cpes\": [\"cpe:2.3:a:grafana:alloy:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\"], \"vendor\": \"grafana\", \"product\": \"alloy\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"1.3.3\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"1.4.0-rc.0\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"1.4.0-rc.1\"}], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"134c704f-9b21-4f2e-91b3-4a467353bcc0\", \"shortName\": \"CISA-ADP\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2024-09-25T17:42:59.140Z\"}}], \"cna\": {\"title\": \"Grafana Alloy on Windows Unquoted service path\", \"source\": {\"discovery\": \"UNKNOWN\"}, \"impacts\": [{\"capecId\": \"CAPEC-233\", \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"CAPEC-233 Privilege Escalation\"}]}], \"metrics\": [{\"format\": \"CVSS\", \"cvssV3_1\": {\"scope\": \"UNCHANGED\", \"version\": \"3.1\", \"baseScore\": 7.3, \"attackVector\": \"LOCAL\", \"baseSeverity\": \"HIGH\", \"vectorString\": \"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\", \"integrityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"userInteraction\": \"REQUIRED\", \"attackComplexity\": \"LOW\", \"availabilityImpact\": \"HIGH\", \"privilegesRequired\": \"LOW\", \"confidentialityImpact\": \"HIGH\"}, \"scenarios\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"GENERAL\"}]}], \"affected\": [{\"vendor\": \"Grafana\", \"product\": \"Alloy\", \"versions\": [{\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"0\", \"lessThan\": \"1.3.3\", \"versionType\": \"semver\"}, {\"status\": \"affected\", \"version\": \"1.4.0-rc.0\", \"versionType\": \"semver\", \"lessThanOrEqual\": \"1.4.0-rc.1\"}], \"platforms\": [\"Windows\"], \"defaultStatus\": \"unaffected\"}], \"solutions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Uninstall Alloy, and then perform a clean install with version either 1.3.4 or 1.4.1 or a higher version\", \"supportingMedia\": [{\"type\": \"text/html\", \"value\": \"Uninstall Alloy, and then perform a clean install with version either 1.3.4 or 1.4.1 or a higher version\u003cbr\u003e\", \"base64\": false}]}], \"datePublic\": \"2024-09-25T13:40:00.000Z\", \"references\": [{\"url\": \"https://grafana.com/security/security-advisories/cve-2024-8975/\"}, {\"url\": \"https://grafana.com/blog/2024/09/25/grafana-alloy-and-grafana-agent-flow-security-release-high-severity-fix-for-cve-2024-8975-and-cve-2024-8996/\"}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.4.1\"}, {\"url\": \"https://github.com/grafana/alloy/releases/tag/v1.3.4\"}], \"workarounds\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Edit the registry to manually add the double quotes manually to `Computer\\\\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\\\SYSTEM\\\\CurrentControlSet\\\\Services\\\\Alloy\\\\ImagePath`\", \"supportingMedia\": [{\"type\": \"text/html\", \"value\": \"Edit the registry to manually \u003cspan style=\\\"background-color: transparent;\\\"\u003eadd the double quotes manually to `Computer\\\\HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\\\\SYSTEM\\\\CurrentControlSet\\\\Services\\\\Alloy\\\\ImagePath`\u003c/span\u003e\\n\\n\u003cbr\u003e\", \"base64\": false}]}], \"x_generator\": {\"engine\": \"Vulnogram 0.2.0\"}, \"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"value\": \"Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Alloy on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM\\nThis issue affects Alloy: before 1.3.3, from 1.4.0-rc.0 through 1.4.0-rc.1.\", \"supportingMedia\": [{\"type\": \"text/html\", \"value\": \"Unquoted Search Path or Element vulnerability in Grafana Alloy on Windows allows Privilege Escalation from Local User to SYSTEM\u003cbr\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis issue affects Alloy: before 1.3.3, from 1.4.0-rc.0 through 1.4.0-rc.1.\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\", \"base64\": false}]}], \"problemTypes\": [{\"descriptions\": [{\"lang\": \"en\", \"type\": \"CWE\", \"cweId\": \"CWE-428\", \"description\": \"CWE-428 Unquoted Search Path or Element\"}]}], \"providerMetadata\": {\"orgId\": \"57da9224-a3e2-4646-9d0e-c4dc2e05e7da\", \"shortName\": \"GRAFANA\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2024-09-26T16:22:26.037Z\"}}}",
      "cveMetadata": "{\"cveId\": \"CVE-2024-8975\", \"state\": \"PUBLISHED\", \"dateUpdated\": \"2024-09-26T16:22:26.037Z\", \"dateReserved\": \"2024-09-18T14:51:37.565Z\", \"assignerOrgId\": \"57da9224-a3e2-4646-9d0e-c4dc2e05e7da\", \"datePublished\": \"2024-09-25T16:42:09.998Z\", \"assignerShortName\": \"GRAFANA\"}",
      "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
      "dataVersion": "5.1"
    }
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
  • Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
  • Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.



Detection rules are retrieved from Rulezet.