CVE-2026-54890 (GCVE-0-2026-54890)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-07-27 15:39 – Updated: 2026-07-27 18:19
VLAI
EPSS
VEX
Title
BEAM VM crash via integer underflow in binary_to_term BIT_BINARY_EXT decoding
Summary
Integer Underflow (Wrap or Wraparound) vulnerability in erlang otp erlang/otp (erts modules), erlang otp erts (erts modules) allows Forced Integer Overflow, Excessive Allocation. This vulnerability is associated with program files erts/emulator/beam/external.c, emulator/beam/external.c.
The BIT_BINARY_EXT tag (77) handler in the External Term Format (ETF) decoder accepts an encoding with both length and trailing-bits fields set to zero. The subsequent computation of the bitstring size underflows an unsigned integer, producing a value of roughly 2^64 that is then passed as a memory allocation size. The allocator aborts the entire node with a message such as "Cannot allocate 2305843009213693951 bytes of memory (of type binary)".
The crash is a VM-level abort, not an Erlang-level exception. It cannot be intercepted by supervision trees, by try/catch, or by passing the [safe] option to binary_to_term/2 (which only restricts atom creation and does not perform structural validation of binary encodings).
Any application that decodes ETF from untrusted sources via binary_to_term/1,2 or enif_binary_to_term() is exposed. The Erlang distribution protocol also decodes incoming terms through the same code path, but distribution is expected to run on trusted networks per the OTP Secure Coding Guidelines (DSG-011).
This issue affects OTP from OTP 27.0 before OTP 29.0.4, OTP 28.5.0.4 and OTP 27.3.4.15, corresponding to erts from 15.0 before 17.0.4, 16.4.0.4 and 15.2.7.11.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/security/advisories… | vendor-advisoryrelated |
| https://cna.erlef.org/cves/CVE-2026-54890.html | related |
| https://osv.dev/vulnerability/EEF-CVE-2026-54890 | related |
| https://www.erlang.org/doc/system/versions.html#o… | x_version-scheme |
| https://github.com/erlang/otp/commit/dc1bf9344c0c… | patch |
Impacted products
2 products
Credits
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This vulnerability is associated with program files \u003ctt\u003eerts/emulator/beam/external.c\u003c/tt\u003e, \u003ctt\u003eemulator/beam/external.c\u003c/tt\u003e.\u003cp\u003eThe \u003ctt\u003eBIT_BINARY_EXT\u003c/tt\u003e tag (77) handler in the External Term Format (ETF) decoder accepts an encoding with both length and trailing-bits fields set to zero. The subsequent computation of the bitstring size underflows an unsigned integer, producing a value of roughly 2^64 that is then passed as a memory allocation size. The allocator aborts the entire node with a message such as \u003ctt\u003eCannot allocate 2305843009213693951 bytes of memory (of type \\\"binary\\\")\u003c/tt\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe crash is a VM-level abort, not an Erlang-level exception. It cannot be intercepted by supervision trees, by \u003ctt\u003etry\u003c/tt\u003e/\u003ctt\u003ecatch\u003c/tt\u003e, or by passing the \u003ctt\u003e[safe]\u003c/tt\u003e option to \u003ctt\u003ebinary_to_term/2\u003c/tt\u003e (which only restricts atom creation and does not perform structural validation of binary encodings).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAny application that decodes ETF from untrusted sources via \u003ctt\u003ebinary_to_term/1,2\u003c/tt\u003e or \u003ctt\u003eenif_binary_to_term()\u003c/tt\u003e is exposed. 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The OTP Secure Coding Guidelines (DSG-011) recommend avoiding these functions altogether on untrusted input and using an alternative serialization format (for example JSON or Protocol Buffers) instead.\u003c/p\u003e\"}], \"value\": \"Do not call binary_to_term/1,2 or enif_binary_to_term() on data from untrusted sources. 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"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
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}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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The MITRE ATT&CK techniques below are AI-generated suggestions, inferred from the description of the
vulnerability by the CIRCL/vulnerability-attack-technique-classification-roberta-base
model, served locally by ML-Gateway.
They have not been verified by an analyst and are provided for guidance only.
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