rhsa-2022_6551
Vulnerability from csaf_redhat
Published
2022-09-19 11:53
Modified
2024-11-22 19:52
Summary
Red Hat Security Advisory: Red Hat Virtualization security update

Notes

Topic
An update for redhat-release-virtualization-host, redhat-virtualization-host, and redhat-virtualization-host-productimg is now available for Red Hat Virtualization 4 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8. Red Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.
Details
The redhat-virtualization-host packages provide the Red Hat Virtualization Host. These packages include redhat-release-virtualization-host, ovirt-node, and rhev-hypervisor. Red Hat Virtualization Hosts (RHVH) are installed using a special build of Red Hat Enterprise Linux with only the packages required to host virtual machines. RHVH features a Cockpit user interface for monitoring the host's resources and performing administrative tasks. The ovirt-node-ng packages provide the Red Hat Virtualization Host. These packages include redhat-release-virtualization-host, ovirt-node, and rhev-hypervisor. Red Hat Virtualization Hosts (RHVH) are installed using a special build of Red Hat Enterprise Linux with only the packages required to host virtual machines. RHVH features a Cockpit user interface for monitoring the host's resources and performing administrative tasks. The following packages have been upgraded to a later upstream version: redhat-release-virtualization-host (4.5.2), redhat-virtualization-host (4.5.2), redhat-virtualization-host-productimg (4.5.2). (BZ#2070049, BZ#2093195) Security Fix(es): * kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak (CVE-2022-1012) * dpdk: DoS when a Vhost header crosses more than two descriptors and exhausts all mbufs (CVE-2022-2132) * systemd-resolved: use-after-free when dealing with DnsStream in resolved-dns-stream.c (CVE-2022-2526) * kernel: a use-after-free in cls_route filter implementation may lead to privilege escalation (CVE-2022-2588) * rsync: remote arbitrary files write inside the directories of connecting peers (CVE-2022-29154) * kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root (CVE-2022-32250) For more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.
Terms of Use
This content is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). If you distribute this content, or a modified version of it, you must provide attribution to Red Hat Inc. and provide a link to the original.


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        "text": "An update for redhat-release-virtualization-host, redhat-virtualization-host, and redhat-virtualization-host-productimg is now available for Red Hat Virtualization 4 for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8.\n\nRed Hat Product Security has rated this update as having a security impact of Important. A Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) base score, which gives a detailed severity rating, is available for each vulnerability from the CVE link(s) in the References section.",
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        "text": "The redhat-virtualization-host packages provide the Red Hat Virtualization Host. These packages include redhat-release-virtualization-host, ovirt-node, and rhev-hypervisor. Red Hat Virtualization Hosts (RHVH) are installed using a special build of Red Hat Enterprise Linux with only the packages required to host virtual machines. RHVH features a Cockpit user interface for monitoring the host\u0027s resources and performing administrative tasks. \n\nThe ovirt-node-ng packages provide the Red Hat Virtualization Host. These packages include redhat-release-virtualization-host, ovirt-node, and rhev-hypervisor. Red Hat Virtualization Hosts (RHVH) are installed using a special build of Red Hat Enterprise Linux with only the packages required to host virtual machines. RHVH features a Cockpit user interface for monitoring the host\u0027s resources and performing administrative tasks.\n\nThe following packages have been upgraded to a later upstream version: redhat-release-virtualization-host (4.5.2), redhat-virtualization-host (4.5.2), redhat-virtualization-host-productimg (4.5.2). (BZ#2070049, BZ#2093195)\n\nSecurity Fix(es):\n\n* kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak (CVE-2022-1012)\n\n* dpdk: DoS when a Vhost header crosses more than two descriptors and exhausts all mbufs (CVE-2022-2132)\n\n* systemd-resolved: use-after-free when dealing with DnsStream in resolved-dns-stream.c (CVE-2022-2526)\n\n* kernel: a use-after-free in cls_route filter implementation may lead to privilege escalation (CVE-2022-2588)\n\n* rsync: remote arbitrary files write inside the directories of connecting peers (CVE-2022-29154)\n\n* kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root (CVE-2022-32250)\n\nFor more details about the security issue(s), including the impact, a CVSS score, acknowledgments, and other related information, refer to the CVE page(s) listed in the References section.",
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  "vulnerabilities": [
    {
      "acknowledgments": [
        {
          "names": [
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          "organization": "Hebrew University"
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      "cve": "CVE-2022-1012",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-200",
        "name": "Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor"
      },
      "discovery_date": "2022-03-16T00:00:00+00:00",
      "flags": [
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        {
          "system_name": "Red Hat Bugzilla ID",
          "text": "2064604"
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "description",
          "text": "The Linux kernel\u0027s TCP source port generation algorithm in the TCP stack contains a flaw due to the small table perturb size. This flaw allows an attacker to positively distinguish a system among devices with identical hardware and software, which lasts until the device restarts.\r\n\r\nAn attacker can guess the evolution of the internal state used for source port generation. This information is used to infer the TCP traffic patterns of the victim, guessing the number of outgoing TCP connections established in a specific time frame, which can lead to a system fingerprinting.",
          "title": "Vulnerability description"
        },
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "kernel: Small table perturb size in the TCP source port generation algorithm can lead to information leak",
          "title": "Vulnerability summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "other",
          "text": "Red Hat Enterprise Linux version 7 (RHEL7) is not affected by this issue. While RHEL7 implements the TCP port randomization algorithm 3 (the Simple Hash-Based Port Selection Algorithm), which knowingly has shortcomings (as per RFC 6056, item 3.3.3), the object of study of this flaw was the TCP port selector algorithm 4, the Double-Hash Port Selection Algorithm, which is not existent in RHEL7.\n\nThis flaw is ranked as a Moderate impact due to:\n* Limited exposure of the data in the TCP stack;\n* The impact of this vulnerability is limited to a system fingerprinting;\n* The requirements to carry the attack are elevated, requiring monitoring of the data flow.",
          "title": "Statement"
        },
        {
          "category": "general",
          "text": "The CVSS score(s) listed for this vulnerability do not reflect the associated product\u0027s status, and are included for informational purposes to better understand the severity of this vulnerability.",
          "title": "CVSS score applicability"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
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          "summary": "Canonical URL",
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2022-1012"
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          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-1012",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-1012"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1012",
          "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-1012"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.12993",
          "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.12993"
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        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6056#section-3.3.4",
          "url": "https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6056#section-3.3.4"
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        {
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          "summary": "https://lwn.net/Articles/910435/",
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        {
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            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "threats": [
        {
          "category": "impact",
          "details": "Important"
        }
      ],
      "title": "kernel: a use-after-free in cls_route filter implementation may lead to privilege escalation"
    },
    {
      "acknowledgments": [
        {
          "names": [
            "Ege BALCI"
          ],
          "organization": "PRODAFT Cyber Security Technologies INC"
        }
      ],
      "cve": "CVE-2022-29154",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-22",
        "name": "Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory (\u0027Path Traversal\u0027)"
      },
      "discovery_date": "2022-07-26T00:00:00+00:00",
      "flags": [
        {
          "label": "vulnerable_code_not_present",
          "product_ids": [
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-content-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-placeholder-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.noarch",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "ids": [
        {
          "system_name": "Red Hat Bugzilla ID",
          "text": "2110928"
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "description",
          "text": "A flaw was found in rsync that is triggered by a victim rsync user/client connecting to a malicious rsync server. The server can copy and overwrite arbitrary files in the client\u0027s rsync target directory and subdirectories. This flaw allows a malicious server, or in some cases, another attacker who performs a man-in-the-middle attack, to potentially overwrite sensitive files on the client machine, resulting in further exploitation.",
          "title": "Vulnerability description"
        },
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "rsync: remote arbitrary files write inside the directories of connecting peers",
          "title": "Vulnerability summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "general",
          "text": "The CVSS score(s) listed for this vulnerability do not reflect the associated product\u0027s status, and are included for informational purposes to better understand the severity of this vulnerability.",
          "title": "CVSS score applicability"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "fixed": [
          "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
          "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64"
        ],
        "known_not_affected": [
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.src",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-content-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-placeholder-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.noarch",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.src",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.x86_64"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "self",
          "summary": "Canonical URL",
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2022-29154"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "RHBZ#2110928",
          "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2110928"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-29154",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-29154"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29154",
          "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-29154"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/08/02/1",
          "url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/08/02/1"
        }
      ],
      "release_date": "2022-08-02T00:00:00+00:00",
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "vendor_fix",
          "date": "2022-09-19T11:53:21+00:00",
          "details": "For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:\n\nhttps://access.redhat.com/articles/2974891",
          "product_ids": [
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64"
          ],
          "restart_required": {
            "category": "none"
          },
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2022:6551"
        },
        {
          "category": "workaround",
          "details": "Only connecting to trusted Rsync servers over trusted channels would help to mitigate this flaw.",
          "product_ids": [
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-content-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-placeholder-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.noarch",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "attackComplexity": "HIGH",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.4,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "threats": [
        {
          "category": "impact",
          "details": "Important"
        }
      ],
      "title": "rsync: remote arbitrary files write inside the directories of connecting peers"
    },
    {
      "cve": "CVE-2022-32250",
      "cwe": {
        "id": "CWE-416",
        "name": "Use After Free"
      },
      "discovery_date": "2022-05-27T00:00:00+00:00",
      "flags": [
        {
          "label": "vulnerable_code_not_present",
          "product_ids": [
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-content-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-placeholder-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.noarch",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "ids": [
        {
          "system_name": "Red Hat Bugzilla ID",
          "text": "2092427"
        }
      ],
      "notes": [
        {
          "category": "description",
          "text": "A use-after-free vulnerability was found in the Linux kernel\u0027s Netfilter subsystem in net/netfilter/nf_tables_api.c. This flaw allows a local attacker with user access to cause a privilege escalation issue.",
          "title": "Vulnerability description"
        },
        {
          "category": "summary",
          "text": "kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root",
          "title": "Vulnerability summary"
        },
        {
          "category": "other",
          "text": "The latest kernel in RHCOS is kernel-4.18.0-305.49.1.el8 which does not contain the vulnerable code and is not affected, also OCP v4.9 or earlier are not affected.",
          "title": "Statement"
        },
        {
          "category": "general",
          "text": "The CVSS score(s) listed for this vulnerability do not reflect the associated product\u0027s status, and are included for informational purposes to better understand the severity of this vulnerability.",
          "title": "CVSS score applicability"
        }
      ],
      "product_status": {
        "fixed": [
          "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
          "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64"
        ],
        "known_not_affected": [
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.src",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-content-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-placeholder-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.noarch",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.src",
          "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.x86_64"
        ]
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "category": "self",
          "summary": "Canonical URL",
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2022-32250"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "RHBZ#2092427",
          "url": "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2092427"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-32250",
          "url": "https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2022-32250"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32250",
          "url": "https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2022-32250"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net.git/commit/net/netfilter?id=520778042ccca019f3ffa136dd0ca565c486cedd",
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net.git/commit/net/netfilter?id=520778042ccca019f3ffa136dd0ca565c486cedd"
        },
        {
          "category": "external",
          "summary": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/05/31/1",
          "url": "https://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2022/05/31/1"
        }
      ],
      "release_date": "2022-05-31T00:00:00+00:00",
      "remediations": [
        {
          "category": "vendor_fix",
          "date": "2022-09-19T11:53:21+00:00",
          "details": "For details on how to apply this update, which includes the changes described in this advisory, refer to:\n\nhttps://access.redhat.com/articles/2974891",
          "product_ids": [
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64"
          ],
          "restart_required": {
            "category": "none"
          },
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2022:6551"
        },
        {
          "category": "workaround",
          "details": "In order to trigger the issue, it requires the ability to create user/net namespaces.\n\nOn non-containerized deployments of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8, you can disable user namespaces by setting user.max_user_namespaces to 0:\n\n# echo \"user.max_user_namespaces=0\" \u003e /etc/sysctl.d/userns.conf\n# sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.d/userns.conf\n\nOn containerized deployments, such as Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform, do not use this mitigation as the functionality is needed to be enabled.",
          "product_ids": [
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-release-virtualization-host-content-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.x86_64",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-placeholder-0:4.5.2-1.el8ev.noarch",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.src",
            "8Base-RHV-HypervisorBuild-4:redhat-virtualization-host-productimg-0:4.5.2-1.el8.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "scores": [
        {
          "cvss_v3": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "LOCAL",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.8,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "HIGH",
            "integrityImpact": "HIGH",
            "privilegesRequired": "LOW",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          },
          "products": [
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.src",
            "8Base-RHV-Hypervisor-4:redhat-virtualization-host-image-update-0:4.5.2-202209140405_8.6.x86_64"
          ]
        }
      ],
      "threats": [
        {
          "category": "impact",
          "details": "Important"
        }
      ],
      "title": "kernel: a use-after-free write in the netfilter subsystem can lead to privilege escalation to root"
    }
  ]
}


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  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
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