CWE-116
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
CVE-2025-59158 (GCVE-0-2025-59158)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-05 17:44 – Updated: 2026-01-05 19:29
VLAI
Title
Coolify has Stored XSS in Project Name
Summary
Coolify is an open-source and self-hostable tool for managing servers, applications, and databases. Coolify versions prior to and including v4.0.0-beta.420.6 are vulnerable to a stored cross-site scripting (XSS) attack in the project creation workflow. An authenticated user with low privileges (e.g., member role) can create a project with a maliciously crafted name containing embedded JavaScript. When an administrator later attempts to delete the project or its associated resource, the payload automatically executes in the admin’s browser context. Version 4.0.0-beta.420.7 contains a patch for the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/coollabsio/coolify/security/ad… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| coollabsio | coolify |
Affected:
< 4.0.0-beta.420.7
|
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CVE-2025-59936 (GCVE-0-2025-59936)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-27 00:22 – Updated: 2025-09-29 14:55
VLAI
Title
get-jwks poisoned JWKS cache allows post-fetch issuer validation bypass
Summary
get-jwks contains fetch utils for JWKS keys. In versions prior to 11.0.2, a vulnerability in get-jwks can lead to cache poisoning in the JWKS key-fetching mechanism. When the iss (issuer) claim is validated only after keys are retrieved from the cache, it is possible for cached keys from an unexpected issuer to be reused, resulting in a bypass of issuer validation. This design flaw enables a potential attack where a malicious actor crafts a pair of JWTs, the first one ensuring that a chosen public key is fetched and stored in the shared JWKS cache, and the second one leveraging that cached key to pass signature validation for a targeted iss value. The vulnerability will work only if the iss validation is done after the use of get-jwks for keys retrieval. This issue has been patched in version 11.0.2.
Severity
9.4 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
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|---|---|
| https://github.com/nearform/get-jwks/security/adv… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nearform/get-jwks/commit/1706a… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-61773 (GCVE-0-2025-61773)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-09 20:49 – Updated: 2025-10-10 14:29
VLAI
Title
pyLoad CNL and captcha handlers allow code Injection via unsanitized parameters
Summary
pyLoad is a free and open-source download manager written in Python. In versions prior to 0.5.0b3.dev91, pyLoad web interface contained insufficient input validation in both the Captcha script endpoint and the Click'N'Load (CNL) Blueprint. This flaw allowed untrusted user input to be processed unsafely, which could be exploited by an attacker to inject arbitrary content into the web UI or manipulate request handling. The vulnerability could lead to client-side code execution (XSS) or other unintended behaviors when a malicious payload is submitted. user-supplied parameters from HTTP requests were not adequately validated or sanitized before being passed into the application logic and response generation. This allowed crafted input to alter the expected execution flow. CNL (Click'N'Load) blueprint exposed unsafe handling of untrusted parameters in HTTP requests. The application did not consistently enforce input validation or encoding, making it possible for an attacker to craft malicious requests. Version 0.5.0b3.dev91 contains a patch for the issue.
Severity
8.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-74 - Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
- CWE-94 - Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
- CWE-79 - Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/pyload/pyload/security/advisor… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/pyload/pyload/pull/4624 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/pyload/pyload/commit/5823327d0… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-61912 (GCVE-0-2025-61912)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-10 22:04 – Updated: 2025-10-14 14:58
VLAI
Title
python-ldap Vulnerable to Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output and Improper Null Termination
Summary
python-ldap is a lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) client API for Python. In versions prior to 3.4.5, ldap.dn.escape_dn_chars() escapes \x00 incorrectly by emitting a backslash followed by a literal NUL byte instead of the RFC-4514 hex form \00. Any application that uses this helper to construct DNs from untrusted input can be made to consistently fail before a request is sent to the LDAP server (e.g., AD), resulting in a client-side denial of service. Version 3.4.5 contains a patch for the issue.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/python-ldap/python-ldap/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/python-ldap/python-ldap/commit… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/python-ldap/python-ldap/releas… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| python-ldap | python-ldap |
Affected:
< 3.4.5
|
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CVE-2025-64325 (GCVE-0-2025-64325)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-11-18 22:32 – Updated: 2025-11-19 16:44
VLAI
Title
Emby Server is Vulnerable to Remote Code Execution Through XSS in Admin Dashboard
Summary
Emby Server is a personal media server. Prior to version 4.8.1.0 and prior to Beta version 4.9.0.0-beta, a malicious user can send an authentication request with a manipulated X-Emby-Client value, which gets added to the devices section of the admin dashboard without sanitization. This issue has been patched in version 4.8.1.0 and Beta version 4.9.0.0-beta.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/EmbySupport/Emby.Security/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| EmbySupport | Emby.Security |
Affected:
Emby Server (Web App) < 4.8.1.0
Affected: Emby Server Beta (Web App) < 4.9.0.0-beta |
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CVE-2025-66488 (GCVE-0-2025-66488)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-01-28 18:15 – Updated: 2026-01-28 19:29
VLAI
Title
Discourse allows script execution in uploaded HTML/XML files on S3
Summary
Discourse is an open source discussion platform. A vulnerability present in versions prior to 3.5.4, 2025.11.2, 2025.12.1, and 2026.1.0 affects anyone who uses S3 for uploads. While scripts may be executed, they will only be run in the context of the S3/CDN domain, with no site credentials. Versions 3.5.4, 2025.11.2, 2025.12.1, and 2026.1.0 fix the issue. As a workaround, disallow html or xml files for uploads in authorized_extensions. For existing html xml uploads, site owners can consider deleting them.
Severity
4.6 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/discourse/discourse/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-66548 (GCVE-0-2025-66548)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-05 17:26 – Updated: 2025-12-08 20:12
VLAI
Title
Nextcloud Deck app allows to spoof file extensions by using RTLO characters
Summary
Nextcloud Deck is a kanban style organization tool aimed at personal planning and project organization for teams integrated with Nextcloud. Prior to 1.12.7, 1.14.4, and 1.15.1, file extension can be spoofed by using RTLO characters, tricking users into download files with a different extension than what is displayed. This vulnerability is fixed in 1.12.7, 1.14.4, and 1.15.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/nextcloud/security-advisories/… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/nextcloud/deck/pull/6671 | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/nextcloud/deck/commit/afa95d3c… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/2326618 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nextcloud | security-advisories |
Affected:
>= 1.15.0-beta.1, < 1.15.1
Affected: >= 1.14.0-beta.1, < 1.14.4 Affected: < 1.12.7 |
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CVE-2025-68460 (GCVE-0-2025-68460)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-18 04:54 – Updated: 2025-12-18 18:53
VLAI
Summary
Roundcube Webmail before 1.5.12 and 1.6 before 1.6.12 is prone to a information disclosure vulnerability in the HTML style sanitizer.
Severity
7.2 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-8276 (GCVE-0-2025-8276)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-16 14:00 – Updated: 2025-10-08 15:55
VLAI
Title
HTML Injection in Patika Global Technologies' HumanSuite
Summary
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation (XSS or 'Cross-site Scripting'), Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output, Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection') vulnerability in Patika Global Technologies HumanSuite allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Phishing.This issue affects HumanSuite: before 53.21.0.
Severity
4.3 (Medium)
9.8 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://www.usom.gov.tr/bildirim/tr-25-0257 | third-party-advisory |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patika Global Technologies | HumanSuite |
Affected:
0 , < 53.21.0
(custom)
|
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CVE-2025-8405 (GCVE-0-2025-8405)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-12-11 04:05 – Updated: 2026-02-26 16:21
VLAI
Title
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output in GitLab
Summary
GitLab has remediated a security issue in GitLab CE/EE affecting all versions from 17.1 before 18.4.6, 18.5 before 18.5.4, and 18.6 before 18.6.2 that could have allowed an authenticated user to perform unauthorized actions on behalf of other users by injecting malicious HTML into vulnerability code flow displays.
Severity
7.7 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
3 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab/-/issues/558214 | issue-trackingpermissions-required |
| https://hackerone.com/reports/3270940 | technical-descriptionexploitpermissions-required |
| https://about.gitlab.com/releases/2025/12/10/patc… |
Impacted products
Credits
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Mitigation ID: MIT-4.3
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
Description:
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Phases: Architecture and Design, Implementation
Description:
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Phase: Requirements
Description:
- Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.