CWE-116
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
The product prepares a structured message for communication with another component, but encoding or escaping of the data is either missing or done incorrectly. As a result, the intended structure of the message is not preserved.
CVE-2025-46347 (GCVE-0-2025-46347)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-04-29 17:11 – Updated: 2025-04-29 18:06
VLAI
Title
YesWiki Remote Code Execution via Arbitrary PHP File Write and Execution
Summary
YesWiki is a wiki system written in PHP. Prior to version 4.5.4, YesWiki vulnerable to remote code execution. An arbitrary file write can be used to write a file with a PHP extension, which then can be browsed to in order to execute arbitrary code on the server, resulting in a full compromise of the server. This could potentially be performed unwittingly by a user. This issue has been patched in version 4.5.4.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
2 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/YesWiki/yeswiki/security/advis… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/YesWiki/yeswiki/commit/8fe5275… | x_refsource_MISC |
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CVE-2025-46583 (GCVE-0-2025-46583)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-10-27 09:23 – Updated: 2025-10-27 15:47
VLAI
Title
DOS Vulnerability in ZTE MC889A Pro product
Summary
There is a Denial of Service（DoS）vulnerability in the ZTE MC889A Pro product. Due to insufficient validation of the input parameters of the Short Message Service interface, allowing an attacker to exploit it to carry out a DoS attack.
Severity
5.3 (Medium)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZTE | MC889A Pro |
Affected:
BD_STDPLMC889A PROV1.0.1B06
Affected: BD_STDPLMC889A PROV1.0.1B08 |
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CVE-2025-46703 (GCVE-0-2025-46703)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-19 13:09 – Updated: 2025-09-19 14:04
VLAI
Title
Potential XSS in Extension:AtMentions
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Hallo Welt! GmbH BlueSpice (Extension:AtMentions) allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
This issue affects BlueSpice: from 5 through 5.1.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hallo Welt! GmbH | BlueSpice |
Affected:
5 , ≤ 5.1.1
(semver)
|
Date Public
2025-09-18 12:00
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CVE-2025-47280 (GCVE-0-2025-47280)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-05-13 17:06 – Updated: 2025-05-13 17:36
VLAI
Title
Umbraco.Forms has HTML injection vulnerability in 'Send email' workflow
Summary
Umbraco Forms is a form builder that integrates with the Umbraco content management system. Starting in the 7.x branch and prior to versions 13.4.2 and 15.1.2, the 'Send email' workflow does not HTML encode the user-provided field values in the sent email message, making any form with this workflow configured vulnerable, as it allows sending the message from a trusted system and address, potentially bypassing spam and email client security systems. This issue affects all (supported) versions Umbraco Forms and is patched in 13.4.2 and 15.1.2. Unpatched or unsupported versions can workaround this issue by using the `Send email with template (Razor)` workflow instead or writing a custom workflow type. To avoid accidentally using the vulnerable workflow again, the `SendEmail` workflow type can be removed using a composer available in the GitHub Security Advisory for this vulnerability.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/umbraco/Umbraco.Forms.Issues/s… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| umbraco | Umbraco.Forms.Issues |
Affected:
>= 7.0.0, < 13.4.2
Affected: >= 15.0.0, < 15.1.2 |
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CVE-2025-48007 (GCVE-0-2025-48007)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-19 13:09 – Updated: 2025-09-19 14:03
VLAI
Title
Potential XSS in Extension:BlueSpiceAvatars
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Hallo Welt! GmbH BlueSpice (Extension:BlueSpiceAvatars) allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
This issue affects BlueSpice: from 5 through 5.1.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hallo Welt! GmbH | BlueSpice |
Affected:
5 , ≤ 5.1.1
(semver)
|
Date Public
2025-09-18 12:00
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CVE-2025-48062 (GCVE-0-2025-48062)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-09 12:33 – Updated: 2025-06-09 13:00
VLAI
Title
Discourse vulnerable to HTML injection when inviting to topic via email
Summary
Discourse is an open-source discussion platform. Prior to version 3.4.4 of the `stable` branch, version 3.5.0.beta5 of the `beta` branch, and version 3.5.0.beta6-dev of the `tests-passed` branch, certain invites via email may result in HTML injection in the email body if the topic title includes HTML. This includes inviting someone (without an account) to a PM and inviting someone (without an account) to a topic with a custom message. This issue is patched in version 3.4.4 of the `stable` branch, version 3.5.0.beta5 of the `beta` branch, and version 3.5.0.beta6-dev of the `tests-passed` branch. This can be worked around if the relevant templates are overridden without `{topic_title}`.
Severity
7.1 (High)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
1 reference
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/discourse/discourse/security/a… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
Impacted products
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CVE-2025-49013 (GCVE-0-2025-49013)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-06-09 12:47 – Updated: 2025-06-09 14:11
VLAI
Title
WilderForge vulnerable to code Injection via GitHub Actions Workflows
Summary
WilderForge is a Wildermyth coremodding API. A critical vulnerability has been identified in multiple projects across the WilderForge organization. The issue arises from unsafe usage of `${{ github.event.review.body }}` and other user controlled variables directly inside shell script contexts in GitHub Actions workflows. This introduces a code injection vulnerability: a malicious actor submitting a crafted pull request review containing shell metacharacters or commands could execute arbitrary shell code on the GitHub Actions runner. This can lead to arbitrary command execution with the permissions of the workflow, potentially compromising CI infrastructure, secrets, and build outputs. Developers who maintain or contribute to the repos WilderForge/WilderForge, WilderForge/ExampleMod, WilderForge/WilderWorkspace, WilderForge/WildermythGameProvider, WilderForge/AutoSplitter, WilderForge/SpASM, WilderForge/thrixlvault, WilderForge/MassHash, and/or WilderForge/DLC_Disabler; as well as users who fork any of the above repositories and reuse affected GitHub Actions workflows, are affected. End users of any the above software and users who only install pre-built releases or artifacts are not affected. This vulnerability does not impact runtime behavior of the software or compiled outputs unless those outputs were produced during exploitation of this vulnerability. A current workaround is to disable GitHub Actions in affected repositories, or remove the affected workflows.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
Assigner
References
5 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/WilderForge/WilderForge/securi… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://codeql.github.com/codeql-query-help/javas… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guide… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-guide… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://securitylab.github.com/research/github-ac… | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| WilderForge | WilderForge |
Affected:
< 5.2.1.0 (com.wildermods.workspace:com.wildermods.workspace.gradle.plugin)
Affected: < 1.0.0.5 (com.wildermods:ExampleMod) Affected: < 0.4.2.0 (com.wildermods:WilderForge) Affected: < 36a1107de6a77f8353dd0aa14690aa3c7c3550ef (com.wildermods:autosplitter) Affected: < 1.0.1.0 (com.wildermods:dlc_disabler) Affected: < 1.3.1.0 (com.wildermods:masshash) Affected: < 1.9.1.0 (com.wildermods:provider) Affected: < 0.5.1.0 (com.wildermods:thrixlvault) |
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CVE-2025-55729 (GCVE-0-2025-55729)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 18:51 – Updated: 2025-09-10 13:55
VLAI
Title
XWiki Remote Macros vulnerable to remote code execution using the ConfluenceLayoutSection macro
Summary
XWiki Remote Macros provides XWiki rendering macros that are useful when migrating content from Confluence. Starting in version 1.0 and prior to version 1.26.5, missing escaping of the ac:type in the ConfluenceLayoutSection macro allows remote code execution for any user who can edit any page The classes parameter is used without escaping in XWiki syntax, thus allowing XWiki syntax injection which enables remote code execution. Version 1.26.5 has a fix for the issue.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/blob… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20449 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xwikisas | xwiki-pro-macros |
Affected:
>= 1.0, < 1.26.5
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CVE-2025-55730 (GCVE-0-2025-55730)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-09 18:53 – Updated: 2025-09-10 13:53
VLAI
Title
XWiki Remote Macros vulnerable to remote code execution using the confluence paste code macro
Summary
XWiki Remote Macros provides XWiki rendering macros that are useful when migrating content from Confluence. Starting in version 1.0 and prior to version 1.26.5, missing escaping of the title in the confluence paste code macro allows remote code execution for any user who can edit any page. The classes parameter is used without escaping in XWiki syntax, thus allowing XWiki syntax injection which enables remote code execution. Version 1.26.5 has a fix for the issue.
Severity
10 (Critical)
SSVC
Exploitation: poc
Automatable: yes
Technical Impact: total
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
4 references
| URL | Tags |
|---|---|
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/secu… | x_refsource_CONFIRM |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/comm… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://github.com/xwikisas/xwiki-pro-macros/blob… | x_refsource_MISC |
| https://jira.xwiki.org/browse/XWIKI-20449 | x_refsource_MISC |
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| xwikisas | xwiki-pro-macros |
Affected:
>= 1.0, < 1.26.5
|
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CVE-2025-57880 (GCVE-0-2025-57880)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2025-09-19 13:10 – Updated: 2025-09-19 13:56
VLAI
Title
Potential XSS in Extension:BlueSpiceWhoIsOnline
Summary
Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output vulnerability in Hallo Welt! GmbH BlueSpice (Extension:BlueSpiceWhoIsOnline) allows Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
This issue affects BlueSpice: from 5 through 5.1.1.
Severity
SSVC
Exploitation: none
Automatable: no
Technical Impact: partial
CISA Coordinator (v2.0.3)
CWE
- CWE-116 - Improper Encoding or Escaping of Output
Assigner
References
1 reference
Impacted products
1 product
| Vendor | Product | Version | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hallo Welt! GmbH | BlueSpice |
Affected:
5 , ≤ 5.1.1
(semver)
|
Date Public
2025-09-18 12:00
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Mitigation ID: MIT-4.3
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- For example, consider using the ESAPI Encoding control [REF-45] or a similar tool, library, or framework. These will help the programmer encode outputs in a manner less prone to error.
- Alternately, use built-in functions, but consider using wrappers in case those functions are discovered to have a vulnerability.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
Description:
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
- For example, stored procedures can enforce database query structure and reduce the likelihood of SQL injection.
Mitigation
Phases: Architecture and Design, Implementation
Description:
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- In some cases, input validation may be an important strategy when output encoding is not a complete solution. For example, you may be providing the same output that will be processed by multiple consumers that use different encodings or representations. In other cases, you may be required to allow user-supplied input to contain control information, such as limited HTML tags that support formatting in a wiki or bulletin board. When this type of requirement must be met, use an extremely strict allowlist to limit which control sequences can be used. Verify that the resulting syntactic structure is what you expect. Use your normal encoding methods for the remainder of the input.
Mitigation
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- Use input validation as a defense-in-depth measure to reduce the likelihood of output encoding errors (see CWE-20).
Mitigation
Phase: Requirements
Description:
- Fully specify which encodings are required by components that will be communicating with each other.
Mitigation
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- When exchanging data between components, ensure that both components are using the same character encoding. Ensure that the proper encoding is applied at each interface. Explicitly set the encoding you are using whenever the protocol allows you to do so.
CAPEC-104: Cross Zone Scripting
An attacker is able to cause a victim to load content into their web-browser that bypasses security zone controls and gain access to increased privileges to execute scripting code or other web objects such as unsigned ActiveX controls or applets. This is a privilege elevation attack targeted at zone-based web-browser security.
CAPEC-73: User-Controlled Filename
An attack of this type involves an adversary inserting malicious characters (such as a XSS redirection) into a filename, directly or indirectly that is then used by the target software to generate HTML text or other potentially executable content. Many websites rely on user-generated content and dynamically build resources like files, filenames, and URL links directly from user supplied data. In this attack pattern, the attacker uploads code that can execute in the client browser and/or redirect the client browser to a site that the attacker owns. All XSS attack payload variants can be used to pass and exploit these vulnerabilities.
CAPEC-81: Web Server Logs Tampering
Web Logs Tampering attacks involve an attacker injecting, deleting or otherwise tampering with the contents of web logs typically for the purposes of masking other malicious behavior. Additionally, writing malicious data to log files may target jobs, filters, reports, and other agents that process the logs in an asynchronous attack pattern. This pattern of attack is similar to "Log Injection-Tampering-Forging" except that in this case, the attack is targeting the logs of the web server and not the application.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.