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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nnetfilter: nft_set_pipapo: do not free live element\n\nPablo reports a crash with large batches of elements with a\nback-to-back add/remove pattern.  Quoting Pablo:\n\n  add_elem(\"00000000\") timeout 100 ms\n  ...\n  add_elem(\"0000000X\") timeout 100 ms\n  del_elem(\"0000000X\") \u003c---------------- delete one that was just added\n  ...\n  add_elem(\"00005000\") timeout 100 ms\n\n  1) nft_pipapo_remove() removes element 0000000X\n  Then, KASAN shows a splat.\n\nLooking at the remove function there is a chance that we will drop a\nrule that maps to a non-deactivated element.\n\nRemoval happens in two steps, first we do a lookup for key k and return the\nto-be-removed element and mark it as inactive in the next generation.\nThen, in a second step, the element gets removed from the set/map.\n\nThe _remove function does not work correctly if we have more than one\nelement that share the same key.\n\nThis can happen if we insert an element into a set when the set already\nholds an element with same key, but the element mapping to the existing\nkey has timed out or is not active in the next generation.\n\nIn such case its possible that removal will unmap the wrong element.\nIf this happens, we will leak the non-deactivated element, it becomes\nunreachable.\n\nThe element that got deactivated (and will be freed later) will\nremain reachable in the set data structure, this can result in\na crash when such an element is retrieved during lookup (stale\npointer).\n\nAdd a check that the fully matching key does in fact map to the element\nthat we have marked as inactive in the deactivation step.\nIf not, we need to continue searching.\n\nAdd a bug/warn trap at the end of the function as well, the remove\nfunction must not ever be called with an invisible/unreachable/non-existent\nelement.\n\nv2: avoid uneeded temporary variable (Stefano)"
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerability is reached exclusively through the nfnetlink NFNL_SUBSYS_NFTABLES socket interface, which requires local system access to issue set-element transactions. The subsequent UAF dereference happens on the packet path, but the attacker must first be local to build the poisoned set.\nAC:L - No race or memory-layout luck is needed to create the dangling pointer \u2014 a single deterministic batch (\"add key K with timeout, add K again, delete K\") reliably makes nft_pipapo_remove() unmap the wrong element, and pipapo is unconditionally compiled into nf_tables so no unusual config is required.\nPR:L - nf_tables gates on netlink_net_capable(skb, CAP_NET_ADMIN), which is evaluated against the netns owner\u0027s user namespace, so an unprivileged user obtains it via `unshare -Urn`. The same namespace also lets the attacker send the packets that dereference the freed element, making the whole chain self-contained for an ordinary local user.\nUI:N - The attacker performs every step \u2014 creating the set, driving the add/delete batch, and generating the traffic that hits the stale mapping entry. No victim action is involved.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to the kernel\u0027s own heap and results in standard kernel privilege escalation rather than crossing a hypervisor, IOMMU, or other separate security authority.\nC:H - The freed nft_pipapo_elem stays reachable from the packet lookup path, and nft_lookup_eval() copies nft_set_ext_data() from that freed object into registers, giving an attacker-observable read of reclaimed kernel heap that can be sprayed with sensitive data or kernel pointers.\nI:H - This is a use-after-free on an object whose contents the attacker can control via heap spraying; for verdict maps the freed verdict.chain pointer is followed by nft_do_chain(), and nft_set_elem_update_expr() executes stateful expressions out of the freed memory, yielding write and control-flow-hijack primitives.\nA:H - Even without full exploitation, the dangling f-\u003emt[b].e pointer is dereferenced on every matching packet, producing KASAN splats, oopses, and kernel panics (the reported symptom was a crash)."
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          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\nmm: swap: fix race between free_swap_and_cache() and swapoff()\n\nThere was previously a theoretical window where swapoff() could run and\nteardown a swap_info_struct while a call to free_swap_and_cache() was\nrunning in another thread.  This could cause, amongst other bad\npossibilities, swap_page_trans_huge_swapped() (called by\nfree_swap_and_cache()) to access the freed memory for swap_map.\n\nThis is a theoretical problem and I haven\u0027t been able to provoke it from a\ntest case.  But there has been agreement based on code review that this is\npossible (see link below).\n\nFix it by using get_swap_device()/put_swap_device(), which will stall\nswapoff().  There was an extra check in _swap_info_get() to confirm that\nthe swap entry was not free.  This isn\u0027t present in get_swap_device()\nbecause it doesn\u0027t make sense in general due to the race between getting\nthe reference and swapoff.  So I\u0027ve added an equivalent check directly in\nfree_swap_and_cache().\n\nDetails of how to provoke one possible issue (thanks to David Hildenbrand\nfor deriving this):\n\n--8\u003c-----\n\n__swap_entry_free() might be the last user and result in\n\"count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\".\n\nswapoff-\u003etry_to_unuse() will stop as soon as soon as si-\u003einuse_pages==0.\n\nSo the question is: could someone reclaim the folio and turn\nsi-\u003einuse_pages==0, before we completed swap_page_trans_huge_swapped().\n\nImagine the following: 2 MiB folio in the swapcache. Only 2 subpages are\nstill references by swap entries.\n\nProcess 1 still references subpage 0 via swap entry.\nProcess 2 still references subpage 1 via swap entry.\n\nProcess 1 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n[then, preempted in the hypervisor etc.]\n\nProcess 2 quits. Calls free_swap_and_cache().\n-\u003e count == SWAP_HAS_CACHE\n\nProcess 2 goes ahead, passes swap_page_trans_huge_swapped(), and calls\n__try_to_reclaim_swap().\n\n__try_to_reclaim_swap()-\u003efolio_free_swap()-\u003edelete_from_swap_cache()-\u003e\nput_swap_folio()-\u003efree_swap_slot()-\u003eswapcache_free_entries()-\u003e\nswap_entry_free()-\u003eswap_range_free()-\u003e\n...\nWRITE_ONCE(si-\u003einuse_pages, si-\u003einuse_pages - nr_entries);\n\nWhat stops swapoff to succeed after process 2 reclaimed the swap cache\nbut before process1 finished its call to swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()?\n\n--8\u003c-----"
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              "value": "AV:L - The vulnerable path is reached only through local memory-management syscalls \u2014 `munmap`/`exit` (`zap_pte_range` \u2192 mm/memory.c:1636), `madvise(MADV_DONTNEED/MADV_FREE)` (mm/madvise.c:659), and tmpfs truncate/punch-hole (mm/shmem.c:842). No remote or adjacent-network consumer reaches `free_swap_and_cache()`.\nAC:H - The attacker controls only their half of the race; the other half is `swapoff()`, gated by `capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN)` in the *initial* user namespace (mm/swapfile.c:2411, `capable()` not `ns_capable()`), so it cannot be induced from a user namespace and must be performed by an administrator or system script. Landing the hit additionally requires being preempted inside a sub-microsecond window between `__swap_entry_free()` and `swap_page_trans_huge_swapped()` while a second process reclaims the last swapcache reference \u2014 the author explicitly could not provoke it from a test case.\nPR:L - The attacker-controlled side needs nothing beyond an ordinary unprivileged local account: any process can spin `munmap`/`madvise`/tmpfs-punch loops over swapped-out anonymous pages to drive `free_swap_and_cache()` at high rate. No capability, namespace, or filesystem privilege is required for that half.\nUI:N - No victim is tricked into any action; the required `swapoff()` is routine system activity (systemd swap-unit deactivation, hibernate scripts, Android zram reconfiguration) that occurs without human participation, and that environmental dependency is already accounted for in AC:H rather than counted twice as UI:R.\nS:U - The corruption is confined to kernel data structures within the kernel\u0027s own security authority \u2014 standard local kernel memory corruption / privilege escalation. No VM, hypervisor, or IOMMU boundary is crossed.\nC:H - Use-after-free reads of the vfree\u0027d `swap_map`, the kvfree\u0027d `cluster_info`, and a freed `struct address_space` (XArray walk in `filemap_get_folio()`) can disclose reallocated kernel memory. Additionally, `swapoff`+`swapon` reuses the `swap_info_struct` slot, so the stale `free_swap_and_cache()` corrupts the *new* device\u0027s counts and prematurely frees slots still referenced by other processes, handing a victim\u0027s swapped-out anonymous data to the attacker on swap-in.\nI:H - `lock_cluster()` performs `spin_lock(\u0026ci-\u003elock)` on the kvfree\u0027d `cluster_info` \u2014 for typical swap sizes a kmalloc-slab object \u2014 giving a sprayable use-after-free *write* primitive, and `__try_to_reclaim_swap()` manipulates folio locks/refcounts derived from a freed `address_space`. Combined with silent swap-map count corruption after `swapon` reuse, this is exploitable for control-flow hijack and cross-process data modification.\nA:H - The most likely immediate outcome is a kernel oops \u2014 dereferencing a NULLed `si-\u003eswap_map`, faulting in the unmapped vfree\u0027d vmalloc range, a NULL `swapper_spaces[type]`, or tripping `VM_BUG_ON(count != SWAP_HAS_CACHE)` in `__swap_entry_free_locked()`. Any of these panics the kernel."
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      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ntipc: fix a possible memleak in tipc_buf_append\n\n__skb_linearize() doesn\u0027t free the skb when it fails, so move\n\u0027*buf = NULL\u0027 after __skb_linearize(), so that the skb can be\nfreed on the err path."
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        {
          "url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/97bf6f81b29a8efaf5d0983251a7450e5794370d"
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      "title": "tipc: fix a possible memleak in tipc_buf_append",
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    "cveId": "CVE-2024-36954",
    "datePublished": "2024-05-30T15:35:48.665Z",
    "dateReserved": "2024-05-30T15:25:07.080Z",
    "dateUpdated": "2026-05-23T15:47:43.810Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
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}