CVE-2026-31656 (GCVE-0-2026-31656)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5 – Published: 2026-04-24 14:45 – Updated: 2026-04-27 14:04
VLAI?
Title
drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat
Summary
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:
drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat
A use-after-free / refcount underflow is possible when the heartbeat
worker and intel_engine_park_heartbeat() race to release the same
engine->heartbeat.systole request.
The heartbeat worker reads engine->heartbeat.systole and calls
i915_request_put() on it when the request is complete, but clears
the pointer in a separate, non-atomic step. Concurrently, a request
retirement on another CPU can drop the engine wakeref to zero, triggering
__engine_park() -> intel_engine_park_heartbeat(). If the heartbeat
timer is pending at that point, cancel_delayed_work() returns true and
intel_engine_park_heartbeat() reads the stale non-NULL systole pointer
and calls i915_request_put() on it again, causing a refcount underflow:
```
<4> [487.221889] Workqueue: i915-unordered engine_retire [i915]
<4> [487.222640] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x68/0xb0
...
<4> [487.222707] Call Trace:
<4> [487.222711] <TASK>
<4> [487.222716] intel_engine_park_heartbeat.part.0+0x6f/0x80 [i915]
<4> [487.223115] intel_engine_park_heartbeat+0x25/0x40 [i915]
<4> [487.223566] __engine_park+0xb9/0x650 [i915]
<4> [487.223973] ____intel_wakeref_put_last+0x2e/0xb0 [i915]
<4> [487.224408] __intel_wakeref_put_last+0x72/0x90 [i915]
<4> [487.224797] intel_context_exit_engine+0x7c/0x80 [i915]
<4> [487.225238] intel_context_exit+0xf1/0x1b0 [i915]
<4> [487.225695] i915_request_retire.part.0+0x1b9/0x530 [i915]
<4> [487.226178] i915_request_retire+0x1c/0x40 [i915]
<4> [487.226625] engine_retire+0x122/0x180 [i915]
<4> [487.227037] process_one_work+0x239/0x760
<4> [487.227060] worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0
<4> [487.227068] ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10
<4> [487.227075] kthread+0x10d/0x150
<4> [487.227083] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
<4> [487.227092] ret_from_fork+0x3d4/0x480
<4> [487.227099] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10
<4> [487.227107] ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30
<4> [487.227141] </TASK>
```
Fix this by replacing the non-atomic pointer read + separate clear with
xchg() in both racing paths. xchg() is a single indivisible hardware
instruction that atomically reads the old pointer and writes NULL. This
guarantees only one of the two concurrent callers obtains the non-NULL
pointer and performs the put, the other gets NULL and skips it.
(cherry picked from commit 13238dc0ee4f9ab8dafa2cca7295736191ae2f42)
Severity ?
7.8 (High)
Assigner
References
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | Linux |
Affected:
058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 70d3e622b10092fc483e28e57b4e8c49d9cc7f68
(git)
Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 8ce44d28a84fd5e053a88b04872a89d95c0779d4 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < ca3f48c3567dd49efdc55b80029ae74659c682ee (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < a00e92bf6583d019a4fb2c2df7007e6c9b269ce7 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 2af8b200cae3fdd0e917ecc2753b28bb40c876c1 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 455d98ed527fc94eed90406f90ab2391464ca657 (git) Affected: 058179e72e0956a2dfe4927db6cbe5fbfb2406aa , < 4c71fd099513bfa8acab529b626e1f0097b76061 (git) |
|||||||
|
|||||||||
{
"containers": {
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"product": "Linux",
"programFiles": [
"drivers/gpu/drm/i915/gt/intel_engine_heartbeat.c"
],
"repo": "https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git",
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],
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"vendor": "Linux",
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"version": "0",
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{
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"status": "unaffected",
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},
{
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"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.1.169",
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},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.6.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.6.135",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.12.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.12.82",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.18.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.18.23",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "6.19.*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "6.19.13",
"versionType": "semver"
},
{
"lessThanOrEqual": "*",
"status": "unaffected",
"version": "7.0",
"versionType": "original_commit_for_fix"
}
]
}
],
"cpeApplicability": [
{
"nodes": [
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],
"negate": false,
"operator": "OR"
}
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}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\n\ndrm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat\n\nA use-after-free / refcount underflow is possible when the heartbeat\nworker and intel_engine_park_heartbeat() race to release the same\nengine-\u003eheartbeat.systole request.\n\nThe heartbeat worker reads engine-\u003eheartbeat.systole and calls\ni915_request_put() on it when the request is complete, but clears\nthe pointer in a separate, non-atomic step. Concurrently, a request\nretirement on another CPU can drop the engine wakeref to zero, triggering\n__engine_park() -\u003e intel_engine_park_heartbeat(). If the heartbeat\ntimer is pending at that point, cancel_delayed_work() returns true and\nintel_engine_park_heartbeat() reads the stale non-NULL systole pointer\nand calls i915_request_put() on it again, causing a refcount underflow:\n\n```\n\u003c4\u003e [487.221889] Workqueue: i915-unordered engine_retire [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222640] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x68/0xb0\n...\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222707] Call Trace:\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222711] \u003cTASK\u003e\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222716] intel_engine_park_heartbeat.part.0+0x6f/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223115] intel_engine_park_heartbeat+0x25/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223566] __engine_park+0xb9/0x650 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223973] ____intel_wakeref_put_last+0x2e/0xb0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224408] __intel_wakeref_put_last+0x72/0x90 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224797] intel_context_exit_engine+0x7c/0x80 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225238] intel_context_exit+0xf1/0x1b0 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225695] i915_request_retire.part.0+0x1b9/0x530 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226178] i915_request_retire+0x1c/0x40 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226625] engine_retire+0x122/0x180 [i915]\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227037] process_one_work+0x239/0x760\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227060] worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227068] ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227075] kthread+0x10d/0x150\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227083] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227092] ret_from_fork+0x3d4/0x480\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227099] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227107] ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227141] \u003c/TASK\u003e\n```\n\nFix this by replacing the non-atomic pointer read + separate clear with\nxchg() in both racing paths. xchg() is a single indivisible hardware\ninstruction that atomically reads the old pointer and writes NULL. This\nguarantees only one of the two concurrent callers obtains the non-NULL\npointer and performs the put, the other gets NULL and skips it.\n\n(cherry picked from commit 13238dc0ee4f9ab8dafa2cca7295736191ae2f42)"
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 7.8,
"baseSeverity": "HIGH",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
"version": "3.1"
}
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2026-04-27T14:04:43.847Z",
"orgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"shortName": "Linux"
},
"references": [
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70d3e622b10092fc483e28e57b4e8c49d9cc7f68"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8ce44d28a84fd5e053a88b04872a89d95c0779d4"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ca3f48c3567dd49efdc55b80029ae74659c682ee"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a00e92bf6583d019a4fb2c2df7007e6c9b269ce7"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2af8b200cae3fdd0e917ecc2753b28bb40c876c1"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/455d98ed527fc94eed90406f90ab2391464ca657"
},
{
"url": "https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c71fd099513bfa8acab529b626e1f0097b76061"
}
],
"title": "drm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat",
"x_generator": {
"engine": "bippy-1.2.0"
}
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67",
"assignerShortName": "Linux",
"cveId": "CVE-2026-31656",
"datePublished": "2026-04-24T14:45:07.738Z",
"dateReserved": "2026-03-09T15:48:24.129Z",
"dateUpdated": "2026-04-27T14:04:43.847Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.2",
"vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
"epss": {
"cve": "CVE-2026-31656",
"date": "2026-05-05",
"epss": "0.00013",
"percentile": "0.02396"
},
"nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2026-31656\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"published\":\"2026-04-24T15:16:45.097\",\"lastModified\":\"2026-04-27T20:16:43.370\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Analyzed\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:\\n\\ndrm/i915/gt: fix refcount underflow in intel_engine_park_heartbeat\\n\\nA use-after-free / refcount underflow is possible when the heartbeat\\nworker and intel_engine_park_heartbeat() race to release the same\\nengine-\u003eheartbeat.systole request.\\n\\nThe heartbeat worker reads engine-\u003eheartbeat.systole and calls\\ni915_request_put() on it when the request is complete, but clears\\nthe pointer in a separate, non-atomic step. Concurrently, a request\\nretirement on another CPU can drop the engine wakeref to zero, triggering\\n__engine_park() -\u003e intel_engine_park_heartbeat(). If the heartbeat\\ntimer is pending at that point, cancel_delayed_work() returns true and\\nintel_engine_park_heartbeat() reads the stale non-NULL systole pointer\\nand calls i915_request_put() on it again, causing a refcount underflow:\\n\\n```\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.221889] Workqueue: i915-unordered engine_retire [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222640] RIP: 0010:refcount_warn_saturate+0x68/0xb0\\n...\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222707] Call Trace:\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222711] \u003cTASK\u003e\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.222716] intel_engine_park_heartbeat.part.0+0x6f/0x80 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223115] intel_engine_park_heartbeat+0x25/0x40 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223566] __engine_park+0xb9/0x650 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.223973] ____intel_wakeref_put_last+0x2e/0xb0 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224408] __intel_wakeref_put_last+0x72/0x90 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.224797] intel_context_exit_engine+0x7c/0x80 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225238] intel_context_exit+0xf1/0x1b0 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.225695] i915_request_retire.part.0+0x1b9/0x530 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226178] i915_request_retire+0x1c/0x40 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.226625] engine_retire+0x122/0x180 [i915]\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227037] process_one_work+0x239/0x760\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227060] worker_thread+0x200/0x3f0\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227068] ? __pfx_worker_thread+0x10/0x10\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227075] kthread+0x10d/0x150\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227083] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227092] ret_from_fork+0x3d4/0x480\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227099] ? __pfx_kthread+0x10/0x10\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227107] ret_from_fork_asm+0x1a/0x30\\n\u003c4\u003e [487.227141] \u003c/TASK\u003e\\n```\\n\\nFix this by replacing the non-atomic pointer read + separate clear with\\nxchg() in both racing paths. xchg() is a single indivisible hardware\\ninstruction that atomically reads the old pointer and writes NULL. This\\nguarantees only one of the two concurrent callers obtains the non-NULL\\npointer and performs the put, the other gets NULL and skips it.\\n\\n(cherry picked from commit 13238dc0ee4f9ab8dafa2cca7295736191ae2f42)\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.8,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"LOCAL\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"LOW\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"integrityImpact\":\"HIGH\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":1.8,\"impactScore\":5.9}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-191\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.5.1\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"5.15.203\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"6A1B622D-B57C-432F-A03B-40A25B6C1E06\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"5.16\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.1.169\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"DBEC0E5D-641C-4E98-A6D9-5799B10CE451\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.2\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.6.135\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"15C1A1B2-14EE-494C-AF3E-D5A7BA640B39\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.7\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.12.82\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"02904CAE-71D2-45B3-9EC3-F6A9D18B6307\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.13\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.18.23\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E9E09FDD-9EE3-4A56-92E2-2B30AFD0072F\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"6.19\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"6.19.13\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"1490EF9B-9080-481C-8D22-1306AAE664E4\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:5.5:-:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"EE98F46A-F7D9-4609-B6A0-882E7F0D378C\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc1:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F253B622-8837-4245-BCE5-A7BF8FC76A16\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc2:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4AE85AD8-4641-4E7C-A2F4-305E2CD9EE64\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc3:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F666C8D8-6538-46D4-B318-87610DE64C34\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc4:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"02259FDA-961B-47BC-AE7F-93D7EC6E90C2\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc5:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"58A9FEFF-C040-420D-8F0A-BFDAAA1DF258\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc6:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"1D2315C0-D46F-4F85-9754-F9E5E11374A6\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:o:linux:linux_kernel:7.0:rc7:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"512EE3A8-A590-4501-9A94-5D4B268D6138\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/2af8b200cae3fdd0e917ecc2753b28bb40c876c1\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/455d98ed527fc94eed90406f90ab2391464ca657\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/4c71fd099513bfa8acab529b626e1f0097b76061\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/70d3e622b10092fc483e28e57b4e8c49d9cc7f68\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/8ce44d28a84fd5e053a88b04872a89d95c0779d4\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/a00e92bf6583d019a4fb2c2df7007e6c9b269ce7\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]},{\"url\":\"https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/ca3f48c3567dd49efdc55b80029ae74659c682ee\",\"source\":\"416baaa9-dc9f-4396-8d5f-8c081fb06d67\",\"tags\":[\"Patch\"]}]}}"
}
}
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Experimental. This forecast is provided for visualization only and may change without notice. Do not use it for operational decisions.
Forecast uses a logistic model when the trend is rising, or an exponential decay model when the trend is falling. Fitted via linearized least squares.
Sightings
| Author | Source | Type | Date | Other |
|---|
Nomenclature
- Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or observed by the user.
- Confirmed: The vulnerability has been validated from an analyst's perspective.
- Published Proof of Concept: A public proof of concept is available for this vulnerability.
- Exploited: The vulnerability was observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Patched: The vulnerability was observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not exploited: The vulnerability was not observed as exploited by the user who reported the sighting.
- Not confirmed: The user expressed doubt about the validity of the vulnerability.
- Not patched: The vulnerability was not observed as successfully patched by the user who reported the sighting.
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